Emulsifier finely divided solids

Finely divided solid particles that are wetted to some degree by both oil and water can also act as emulsifying agents. This results from the fact that they can form a particulate film around dispersed droplets, preventing coalescence. Powders that are wetted preferentially by water form O/W emulsions, whereas those more easily wetted by oil form W/O emulsions. The compounds most frequently used in pharmacy are colloidal clays, such as bentonite (aluminum silicate) and veegum (magnesium aluminum silicate). These compounds tend to be adsorbed at the interface and also increase the viscosity of the aqueous phase. They are frequently used in conjunction with a surfactant for external purposes, such as lotions or creams. 

Most emulsions are not thermodynamically stable, but as a practical matter, quite stable emulsions can occur that resist demulsification treatments and may be stable for weeks/months/years. Most meta-stable emulsions that will be encountered in practice contain oil, water and an emulsifying agent (or stabilizer) which is usually a surfactant, a macromolecule, or finely divided solids. The emulsifier may be needed... 

Emulsifying agents are used both to promote emulsification at the time of manufacture and to control stability during a shelf life that can very from days for extemporaneously prepared emulsions to months or years for commercial preparations. In practice, combinations of emulsifiers rather than single agents are used. The emulsifier also influences the in vivo fate of lipid parenteral emulsions by its influence on the surface properties of the droplets and on the droplet size distributions. For convenience, most pharmacy texts classify emulsifiers into three groups i) surface active agents ii) natural (macromolecular) polymers and hi) finely divided solids. 

Table 3 Emulsifying agents derived from natural products and finely divided solids...

In the foregoing subsection our attention has been concentrated on emulsiox s of oil droplets in water The reverse system, an emulsion of water droplets in oil is aisc possible Which of the two types of emulsion is formed on shaking the two phases depends primarily on the emulsifier added The second type of stabilization especially, VIZ the addition of finely divided solids, may be used to stabilize water in oil emulsion , when the contact angle with water is larger than 90° so that the major part of die solid particles extend into the oil phase (See Fig 30b) As stabilizers for water-in-oil emuU sions different forms of carbon (soot, finely powdered graphite), heavy-metal soa >s and long-chain alcohols or esters may be used ... 

Although finely divided insoluble solid particles constitute an important class of emulsifying agents [44-46], the preparation of liquid-liquid dispersions traditionally involves the use of ionic and nonionic small-molecule surface-active agents. Mixtures of surfactants can also be used to achieve a desirable viscosity of emulsions [12] and to enhance the stabilization properties compared to the effect of one of the emulsifiers [47-49], although evidence of synergistic effects are not always found. 

Another type of pesticide formulation is a suspoemulsion (47), in which one active ingredient is emulsified and another active ingredient is included in the continuous phase as a finely divided dispersion of solid particles. Although some work has also been done on microemulsion formulations of pesticides, they tend to be too expensive and have some stability problems with temperature changes and upon dilution. Their main advantage is the enhancement of efficacy by improved transport into the target organism. 

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