Emulsification sodium chloride

It is quite clear, first of all, that since emulsions present a large interfacial area, any reduction in interfacial tension must reduce the driving force toward coalescence and should promote stability. We have here, then, a simple thermodynamic basis for the role of emulsifying agents. Harkins [17] mentions, as an example, the case of the system paraffin oil-water. With pure liquids, the inter-facial tension was 41 dyn/cm, and this was reduced to 31 dyn/cm on making the aqueous phase 0.00 IM in oleic acid, under which conditions a reasonably stable emulsion could be formed. On neutralization by 0.001 M sodium hydroxide, the interfacial tension fell to 7.2 dyn/cm, and if also made O.OOIM in sodium chloride, it became less than 0.01 dyn/cm. With olive oil in place of the paraffin oil, the final interfacial tension was 0.002 dyn/cm. These last systems emulsified spontaneously—that is, on combining the oil and water phases, no agitation was needed for emulsification to occur. 

Peanut Seed. Ramanatham et al. (21) studied the influence of such variables as protein concentration, particle size, speed of mixing, pH, and presence of sodium chloride on emulsification properties of peanut flour (50% protein) and peanut protein isolate (90% protein). Emulsions were prepared by the blender... 

Figure 6. Effect of sodium chloride at different concentrations on emulsification capacity of peanut protein isolate at various pHs (21)...

Emulsification Reagent Dissolve 17.9 g of sodium chloride and 0.41 g of monobasic potassium phosphate in about 400 mL of water. Add 540 mL of glycerol and, with vigorous stirring, add 6.0 g of gum arabic (Sigma, Catalog No. G 9752). Stir until dissolved. Dilute to 1000 mL. 

The objective of the experiments presented here is to investigate effects of sodium hydroxide and sodium chloride on emulsion stability, and to establish the dynamics of spontaneous emulsification in a caustic system. 

Ceteareth-3 Guar hydroxypropyltrimonium chloride Sodium stearate gellant, silicone emulsification Ceteareth-5... 

Polyglyceryl-3 laurate thickener, silicone emulsification Ceteth-2 Steareth-30 thickener, silk screen printing inks Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose thickener, skin care Acrylates/beheneth-25 methacrylate copolymer Acrylates/C10-30 alkyl acrylate crosspolymer Bisisostearamidopropyl ethoxyethyl dimonium chloride Cetearyl octanoate Hydroxypropyl guar hydroxypropyl trimonium chloride Hydroxypropyl starch phosphate Oleamidopropyl betaine PEG-90 diisostearate Sodium ceteth-13 carboxylate Sodium cocoyl hydrolyzed rice protein Sodium tauride acrylates/acrylic acid/acrylonitrogens copolymer Stearamide DEA Steareth-10 allyl ether/acrylates copolymer... 

Tsubouchi and Tanaka [3] described the following method, in which the sodium-nonionic tetraphenylborate is extracted into an organic solvent and titrated with a quaternary surfactant, which displaces the sodium-nonionic complex. Anionics do not interfere chemically, but cause emulsification problems and are better removed. Potassium, ammonium, calcium, chloride and sulphate ions do not interfere because the complex is extracted. The aqueous layer remains colourless throughout the titration. 

The concentration of titrant chosen was found to be the optimum for clarity of end-point. Anionics do not interfere except by causing emulsification problems if their concentration in the titrated solution exceeds 0.001 M. Sodium, ammonium, aluminium, chloride, nitrate and sulphate do not interfere. Cationic surfactants must be absent. The volume of titrant needed per milligram of nonionic is almost constant at around 3.6 ml. The titrant must be standardised against the nonionic to be determined. 

This is in general a heterogeneous free radical polymerization that involves the emulsification of the relatively hydrophobic monomer in water and sometimes an organic phase-in-water emulsifier, followed by the initiation reaction with either a water soluble initiator e.g. sodium persulfate (NaPS)) or an oil-soluble initiator e.g. 2-20-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN)) [266]. Typical monomers used in the emulsion polymerization include butadiene, styrene, acrylonitrile, acrylate ester and methacrylate ester, vinyl acetate, and vinyl chloride, but also biopolymers are now obtained by this versatile technique in several mesodimensionate morphologies [267]. 

Chem. Descrip. Sodium cocamidopropyl PG-dimonium chloride phosphate CAS 83682-78-4 EINECS/ELINCS 280-518-3 Uses Emulsifer, lubricant, dispersant, emollient In cosmetics, drug applies. Properties Yel liq. Gardner color 5 max. sol. in water, propylene glycol, IPA insol. in mineral oil, isopropyl myristate, silicone fluid pH 5-7 (10% aq.) solids 34-36% Phoenotaine D-35 [Phoenix]... 

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