Emotions basic

The basis for evaluation of piston speed varies throughout industry. This indicates that the subject is spiced with as much emotion as technical basics. An attempt to sort out the fundamentals will be made. First, because there are so many configurations and forms of the reciprocating compressor, it would appear logical that there is no one piston speed limit that will apply across the board to all machines. The manufacturer is at odds with the user because he would like to keep the speed up to keep the size of the compressor down, while the user would like to keep the speed down for reliability purposes. As is true for so many other cases, the referee is the economics. An obvious reason to limit the speed is maintenance... 

The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei which are components of modular circuits involved in many cortical functions. They have received considerable attention from basic scientists and clinicians alike because of their prominent involvement in movement disorders, a spectrum of diseases including disorders which are characterized by poverty of movement (hypokinetic disorders), as well as disorders characterized by excess movement (hyperkinetic disorders). It has become clear in recent years that most basal ganglia disorders are not restricted to motor disturbances, but involve cognitive and emotional features as well. 

What is a synapse In the brain, the nerve cells or neurons are connected at special functional junctions called synapses, which depend on many proteins, including large complexes. They participate in basic functions with important roles in coordinating every characteristic of the nervous system, including physiology, emotions, learning, sleep, memory, and pain signal transmission. 

THE HUMAN ETHOGRAM THE BASIC EMOTIONS 1.1. Plan of This Chapter... 

I think McDougall was right and we should return to comparisons with naturalistic animal behavior, and to the emotions, in our search for the roots of human behavior. That is, we should ground our research in ethological theory and methods. These whole-body movement patterns are the basic units of behavior for our species, the human ethogram. 

In summary I would suggest that the basic human emotions be identified by all of these criteria in proportion to their utility, but especially by their affects and functions. How, then, should emotion be defined I would define a human emotion in affective... 

Having attacked the thinking of others on emotion, I am obligated to suggest my own list of basic emotions. Since I prefer to think primarily in terms of affects, I like to use affective terms for the emotions. Each emotional modality in such a list should be species-wide and hence adaptive, and include a basic, distinct affect and adaptive (if nonspecific) overt behavioral tendency. The list is also based on evidence for specific neural mediation, presence in other primates, specific situational elicitors, specific emotional expressions, and specific visceral adjustments, but space does not permit systematic review of these data. Taken together, the list is intended to comprise the inventory of whole-body behaviors exhibited by normal adults throughout the world. For each emotional modality, I will mention some of its characteristic features. 

This is a simpler, better understood emotional system. As with probably every other basic emotion, the hypothalamus is involved in thirst. So too is the endocrine system, which is also common for emotions. See Rosenzweig et al. (1996) on thirst, hunger, and temperature regulation. 

This emotion does not develop fully until puberty (Money Ehrhardt, 1972). Consequently, it illustrates a flaw in the criterion that a basic emotion must appear at an early age (cited by Mealey, 1995, p. 539). 

This emotion is one of the most neglected and yet who would deny that it constitutes a distinct affect, or that people everywhere do not seek the approval of others Darwin (1872) described the characteristic expressions of this emotion—the erect, expansive posture of pride (or dominance), and the antithetical demeanor, and blushing, of shame (or submission). The main objection by mainstream psychologists to accepting pride/shame into the pantheon of basic emotions seems to be the fact that different values prevail around the world, so that what merits approval in one place may warrant disapproval elsewhere. But the same could be said of other emotions such as hunger and interest, which... 

Pain is a basic sensory, emotional, and cognitive phenomenon that signals some type of harm to the organism. It is practically universal to human experience, and although it is initially adaptive, it frequently outlives its usefulness and impedes one s ability to function. Accordingly, plants that alleviate pain have become essential to human civilization. 

As we move forward, it will prove helpful to get some basic aspects of the human nervous system in place. An enormous amount of work has gone into making associations between brain anatomy and function. Starting with the three main parts of the brain, we know that the cerebrum is the seat of consciousness. It is divided into two hemispheres, which are linked by the corpus callosum. In a very general sense, the left hemisphere is associated with intellectual and the right hemisphere with emotional responses. Within the cerebrum, one can associate a number of brain areas (the prefrontal, frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes, for example) with functions including vision and hearing. One can make crude maps in which function is mapped onto brain structure. 

In the human CNS, glutamate is the most important excitatory neurotransmitter. Glycine is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the human CNS. Thus, these two amino acids, basic constituents of proteins, also function in other very important ways in behavior, emotion, learning, memory, and sensory perception. Nature uses its molecular constructs for more than one purpose. Among other neurotransmitters, dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and serotonin are derivatives of protein amino acids and are synthesized from them. 

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