Emissions during manufacture

Ferro Corporation sold its Pyro-Chek named products business, made in both the US near Chicago, and France, to Albemarle Corporation at the beginning of 2000, along with the French plant. Investment in the French unit, at Port-du-Bouc, by Ferro ensured that new developments in the brominated polyst5rene FR family were completed and the new owners also benefit from the additional enviromnental improvements to achieve reduced atmospheric emissions during manufacture. 

Since their introduction, PBDEs, HBCDs, and TBBPA have become widespread global contaminants (Shaw and Kannan 2009 Hites 2004 Covaci et al. 2006 Tanabe et al. 2008 Covaci et al. 2009). BFRs enter the environment through multiple pathways, such as air emission during manufacturing, combustion, leaching from discarded products in landfills, or recycling at the end of the product s life. 

First are the emissions to be measured from a product s end use the same as those of concern during manufacturing ... 

The ESDs developed by the OECD also include estimates of emissions of additives during use. As for the emissions during compounding and product manufacturing, these emissions are often conservative estimates based on rough models that give an overview of the emissions from the products produced by an entire industry sector. 

The emission properties of QDs can be adjusted based upon core diameter and nanoparticle composition. Nanoparticle diameters typically are carefully controlled during manufacture to be between 2 and 10 nm. In addition, the band gap energy or energy of fluorescence emission is inversely proportional to the diameter of the QD particle. Thus, the smaller the particle, the... 

The Swedish government has also reiterated the need to substitute substances of very high concern. These substances are estimated to be relatively few and would not overload the authorisation system. Sweden states that authorisation of such chemicals may be granted only if industry can demonstrate that no feasible alternatives are available the socio-economic arguments clearly outweigh the potential risks and emissions are foreseen to be negligible during manufacture, use and disposal. ... 

Advances in efficiency for the manufacture of fuels and petrochemicals improve air quality by reducing emissions of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. When the fuels are consumed, the impact on air quality can be measured in a relatively straightforward manner because all fuels are burned. Cleaner fuels produce fewer harmful emissions during combustion. The positive impact of petrochemicals usage on air quality is not as obvious, but nevertheless can be very significant. 

Despite the adoption of appropriate safety measures during manufacture, such as closed units and dust removal plants, ensuring emission values for chromate and lead below their respective MAK values (0.1 mg/m as Cr03 and 0.1 mg/m as Pb), chromate pigments are being increasingly substituted by other pigments. 

Emissions of phosgene most commonly arise as a result of its release during manufacture and use, its formation from the decomposition of chlorinated hydrocarbons, and its formation from the photochemical oxidation of air-borne chlorinated organic materials, particularly the C, and C chloroalkanes, and chloroethenes. The location and estimation of air emissions from sources of phosgene have been described by the US Environmental Protection Agency [2088b], Catastrophic emissions and accidental spills and leaks are discussed in Section 3.6. 

Detailed studies of this kind have been performed in ICI [ICI23,ICI61-ICI64], in which the potential causes, frequencies, and effects of phosgene emissions have been analysed during manufacture, storage, or transportation of the material. It would be inappropriate, however, to describe the detailed results from any one particular installation. 

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