Elements original names

The following ten elements, whose original names were Latin words, also have mismatched names and symbols ... 

From a geochemical perspective, sinking POM is an important mechanism by which carbon and other elements are transferred from the sea surfece into the deep sea and onto the sediments. This transport is termed the biological pump and includes the sinking of inorganic particles that are of biogenic origin, namely calcium carbonate and silicate shells. 

Aluminium - the atomic number is 13 and the chemical symbol is Al. Although the name was originally called alumium, it was later changed to aluminum. Internationally, the element is referred to as alviminium, to conform with the ium ending of most metallic elements. The name derives from the Latin, alum and alumen for stringent , since the early Romans called any substance with a stringent taste alum. The element was known in prehistoric times. In 1825, the Danish physicist, Hans Christian Oersted, isolated impure aluminium. The pure metal was first isolated by the German chemist Friedrich Wohler in 1827. 

Nobelium - the atomic number is 102 and the chemical symbol is No. The name derives from Alfred Nobel , the discoverer of dynamite and founder of the Nobel prizes. It was first synthesized in 1966 by the Russian scientists from the JINR (Joint Institute for Nuclear Research) lab in Dubna, Russia under Georgi Flerov. Earlier claims to have synthesized Nobelium beginning in 1957 were shown to be erroneous but the original name was retained because of its videspread use throughout the scientific literature. The longest half-life associated with this unstable element is 58 minute o. 

Terbium - the atomic number is 65 and the chemical symbol is Tb. The name derives from the village of Ytterby in Sweden, where the mineral ytterbite (the source of terbium) was first found. It was discovered by the Swedish surgeon and chemist Carl-Gustav Mosander in 1843 in an yttrium salt, which he resolved into three elements. He called one yttrium, a rose colored salt he called terbium and a deep yellow peroxide he called erbium. The chemist Berlin detected only two earths in yttrium, i.e., yttrium and the rose colored oxide he called erbium. In 1862, the Swiss chemist Marc Delafontaine reexamined yttrium and found the yellow peroxide. Since the name erbium had now been assigned to the rose colored oxide, he initially called the element mosandrum (after Mosander) but he later reintroduced the name terbium for the yellow peroxide. Thus the original names given to erbium and terbium samples are now switched. Since Bunsen spectroscopically examined Mosander s erbium (now terbium) sample and declared that it was a mixture, the question of who actually discovered terbium, Mosander or Delafontaine remains unresolved to this day. 

Originally named the Mesh , the idea of a distributed information system based on computing elements sharing HTTP as a common data transfer protocol formed the basis for the World Wide Web (WWW). Many other critical components were required to create WWW as we know it today. The most important ones include ... 

ORIGIN OF NAME The element s name comes from the Greek words anti and minos, which mean "not alone," and antimony s symbol (Sb) is derived from the name for its ancient source mineral, stibnium. 

ORIGIN OF NAME Originally named "niton" after the Latin word for "shining," it was given the name "radon" in 1923 because it is the radioactive decay gas of the element radium. 

Using a spectrometer in 1853, Jean Charles-GaUisard de Marignac (1817—1894) suspected that dydimia was a mixture of yet-to-be-discovered elements. However, it was not until 1879 that Paul-Emile Locoq de Boisbaudran (1838—1912), using a difficult chemical fractionation process, discovered samarium in a sample of samarskite, calling it samarium after the mineral, which was named for a Russian mine official. Colonel von Samarski. Samarskite ore is found where didymia is found. Didymia ( twins ) was the original name given to a combination of the two rare-earths (praseodymium and neodymium) before they were separated and identified. 

The element was discovered in 1801 by British chemist Charles Hatchett during analysis of a black mineral sample from the British Museum, originally sent in 1753 from Connecticut. He named the element columbium, after the country of its origin, Columbia (United States). In 1844, Rose announced the discovery of a new element which he named as niobium, in honor of Niobe, the daughter of Tantalus, the mythological Goddess of Tears. Later, it was established that Hatchett s columbium and Roses niobium were the same element. Both names remained in use for more than one hundred years. In 1949 at the Fifteenth International Union of Chemistry Congress held at Amsterdam, the name niobium was officially adopted as the international name. 

Resonances in half and in full collisions have exactly the same origin, namely the temporary excitation of quasi-bound states at short or intermediate distances irrespective of how the complex was created. In full collisions one is essentially interested in the asymptotic behavior of the stationary wavefunction L(.E) in the limit R —> 00, i.e., the scattering matrix S with elements Sif as defined in (2.59). The S-matrix contains all the information necessary to construct scattering cross sections for a transition from state i to state /. In the case of a narrow and isolated resonance with energy Er and width hT the Breit- Wigner expression... 

At first, chemists were skeptical about Brandt s claims of a new element, but he continued his research on the mineral. He showed that its compounds were a much deeper blue than copper compounds. (Copper and cobalt compounds had long been confused with each other.) Eventually, Brandt was given credit for the discovery of the element. The name chosen was a version of the original German term, Kobold. 

Niobium occurs primarily in two minerals, columbite and pyrochlore. The original name columbium was taken from the first of these minerals. Niobium always occurs with tantalum in these minerals. Separating the two elements is always the most difficult step in their preparation. 

For some of the more recently discovered elements (hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen) several languages employ translations of the original names of international character. 

Element Symbol Half-life Emission Original name... 

Let us apply the above general formalism to two simple examples that are central to this book chapter, namely that of a bulk fluid and a fluid confined to a slit-pore (see Sections 1.3.2 and 1.3.3). In both cases, we take as the reference system a rectangular prism of volume Vo = SxoSyoSzo, where a body-fixed coordinate system is employed such that the faces of the prism coincide with the planes x = ,Sxo/2, y = Syo/2, and = .Szo/2. If the rmstrained system is exposed to an infinitesimally small compressional or shear strain, Vo —> 1/ = SxSy z- This implies that a mass element originally at a point To in the unstrained. system changes position to a point r in the strained system. 

Protactininm was the last of the natnrally occurring actinides to be identified. The original name for the element, brevium (latin for brief ), was snggested by K. Fajans and O. H. Gohring, who first identified the radioactive element in 1913. However, after Pa was isolated by gronps in Germany... 

A simplified version of the periodic table is shown in Fig. 2.19. The letters in the boxes are the symbols for the elements these abbreviations are based on the current element names or the original names (see Table 2.2). The number shown above each... 

Table 2.2 The Symbols for the Elements That Are Based on the Original Names ...

The names of the chemical dements have come from many sources. Often an element s name is derived from a Greek, Latin, or German word that describes some property of the element. For example, gold was originally called aurum, a Latin word meaning "shining dawn," and lead was known as plumbum, which means "heavy." The names for chlorine and iodine come... 

Elements are represented by symbols that usually consist of the first one or two letters of the element s name. Sometimes, however, the symbol is taken from the element s original Latin or Greek name. 

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