Electrostriction applications

Luo, H. Tucker, S. C. (1996) A Continuum Solvation Model Including Electrostriction Application to the Anisole Hydrolysis Reaction in Supercritical Water, Journal of Physical Chemistry 100, 11165-11174... 

Piezoelectric and Electrostrictive Device Applications. Devices made from ferroelectric materials utilizing their piezoelectric or electrostrictive properties range from gas igniters to ultrasonic cleaners (or welders) (72). 

S. J. Jang, Electrostrictive Ceramics for Transducer Applications, Ph.D. dissertation. The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 1979. 

Electrostatics, effect on weighing, 26 243 Electrostatic self-assembly (ESA), of thin-films, 1 724-725 Electrostatic separators, 16 642 Electrostatic separation, 16 642-644 Electrostatic spray coating, 7 56-58, 74-75 Electrostatic stabilization, 10 119-121 of latex, 14 708-709 Electrosteric stabilization, 10 122 Electrostream (capillary drilling), 9 600 Electrostrictive coefficient tensor, 11 93 Electrostrictive devices, applications of, 11 103-104... 

Marshall s extensive review (16) concentrates mainly on conductance and solubility studies of simple (non-transition metal) electrolytes and the application of extended Debye-Huckel equations in describing the ionic strength dependence of equilibrium constants. The conductance studies covered conditions to 4 kbar and 800 C while the solubility studies were mostly at SVP up to 350 C. In the latter studies above 300°C deviations from Debye-Huckel behaviour were found. This is not surprising since the Debye-Huckel theory treats the solvent as incompressible and, as seen in Fig. 3, water rapidly becomes more compressible above 300 C. Until a theory which accounts for electrostriction in a compressible fluid becomes available, extrapolation to infinite dilution at temperatures much above 300 C must be considered untrustworthy. Since water becomes infinitely compressible at the critical point, the standard entropy of an ion becomes infinitely negative, so that the concept of a standard ionic free energy becomes meaningless. 

Although the polycrystalline relaxor-based compositions have useful piezoelectric characteristics, taking their properties overall into account they do not offer significant advantages over the well established PZT system. Their high electrostriction coefficients make them attractive for certain actuator applications (see Section 6.5.2), but the potentially important advance has been the production of single crystals. 

Through additions of PbTi03 to the prototype relaxor Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)03 the temperature at which the permittivity peaks can be adjusted and, close to the composition 0.9PMN-0.1 PT, it occurs at around room temperature. This is a composition suited to actuator applications. The dependence of electrostriction on grain size (Fig. 6.15) [14] is believed to be linked to the dependence of the size of the nanosized ordered regions on grain size (T. Mishima et al. [15]). 

Electrostrictive materials offer important advantages over piezoelectric ceramics in actuator applications. They do not contain domains (of the usual ferroelectric type), and so return to their original dimensions immediately a field is reduced to zero, and they do not age. Figure 6.24(a) shows the strain-electric field characteristic for a PLZT (7/62/38) piezoelectric and Fig. 6.24(b) the absence of significant hysteresis in a PMN (0.9Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/303-0.1 PbTi03) electrostrictive ceramic. 

Beginning with the work by Ohno and Yonezawa on PFN-PFW systems in the late 1970s [8], many multicomponent dielectric systems have been evaluated and put into manufacture. Some of the patented compositions developed for multilayer capacitor (MLC) application were recently summarized by Shrout and Dougherty [9]. Other compositions were developed for piezoelectric sensors and electrostrictive actuator applications [10]. Most of the compositions used for capacitor dielectrics are based on PFN [8], PMN [11-14], or PZN [15]. 

Uchino, K., Electrostrictive actuators Materials and applications, Ceram. Bull., 65, 4 (1986). 

Su J, Harrison IS, Clair TLS, Bar-Cohen Y, Leary S (1999) Electrostrictive graft elastomers and applications. Mater Res Soc Symp Proc 600 131... 

Electrostriction, which is a change in sample dimensions in response to the application of an electric field to a dielectric, is a universal characteristic and provides another example of an electromechanical effect. Some materials get thinner while others get thicker in the direction of the electric field. This effect is not reversible and a deformation does not produce any polarisation. The effect is found in all materials, not just those that lack a centre of symmetry, including glasses and hquids. However, the electrostrictive effect is generally very small except for ferroelectric perovskites, especially relaxor ferroelectrics described in the following (Section 6.7). 

A specific type of electrostrictive material with large electrostrictive coupling coefficients, and important for applications that require high... 

As mentioned in the introduction, electroactive polymeric materials constitute a broad family, which includes materials that display the pyro-, piezo- and electrostrictive behaviours associated with polar materials, and this is the second category we will discuss. Since the C-F bond is highly stable and highly polar, the obvious candidates for this area of application are fluoro polymers and over the last twenty years or so we have explored the ROMP polymerization of a variety of fluorinated norbornenes and their derivatives [5] as shown in Figure 1. 

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