Electrostatic or charge stabilization

Electrostatic or charge stabilization this is the effect on particle interaction due... 

Electrostatic or charge stabilization has the benefits of stabilizing or flocculating a system by simply altering the concentration of ions in the system. This is a reversible process, and is potentially inexpensive. 

Preferred gauche conformations of 1-alkyl-2-arylethanes and 1,2-diaryl-ethanes have been interpreted in terms of attractive steric interactions between the hydrocarbon moieties (Hirola et al., 1985), and, by having opposite polarity in the aryl groups, electrostatic or charge-transfer interactions may stabilize the gauche form of 1,2-diarylethanes (El-Torki and Jacobus, 1985). 

Interactions among atoms and molecules, as we have seen, are a result of various forces stemming from their atomic or molecular structure, including electrostatic or charge interactions, steric or entropic phenomena, and the ever-present van der Waals forces. Of these, electrostatic and steric interactions may be repulsive in that they act to force the interacting units apart or at least reduce the net attraction between units. The van der Waals forces, on the other hand, are usually (but not always) attractive. When one discusses the use of a surfactant as an emulsion stabilizer, as in the above sections, the concept of the function of the surfactant is that it have a strong tendency to... 

The active site of an enzyme is generally a pocket or cleft that is specialized to recognize specific substrates and catalyze chemical transformations. It is formed in the three-dimensional structure by a collection of different amino acids (active-site residues) that may or may not be adjacent in the primary sequence. The interactions between the active site and the substrate occur via the same forces that stabilize protein structure hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic interactions (charge-charge), hydrogen bonding, and van der Waals interactions. Enzyme active sites do not simply bind substrates they also provide catalytic groups to facilitate the chemistry and provide specific interactions that stabilize the formation of the transition state for the chemical reaction. 

Product or reactant stabilizing factors that have been studied thus far include resonance/charge delocalization, solvation, hyperconjugation, intramolecular hydrogen bonding, aromaticity, inductive, jr-donor, polarizability, steric, anomeric, and electrostatic effects, as well as ring strain and soft-soft interactions. Product or reactant destabilization factors are mainly represented by anti-aromaticity, steric effects in some types of reactions, and, occasionally, electrostatic effects. What makes the PNS particularly useful is that it is completely general, mathematically provable,4 and knows no exception. 

The intrinsic constants are thermod3mamic constants written for reactions occurring at a hypothetical isolated site on the surface. Actual activities on the surface cannot be directly determined but Q or apparent stability quotients can be calculated based on measurable bulk concentrations. The intrinsic constants and apparent stability quotients are related by considering the electrostatic correction for an ion in solution near the surface compared to an isolated ion on the surface. In an idealized planar model, is the mean potential at the plane of surface charge created by the ionization of the surface functional groups and the formation of surface complexes and is the mean potential at the plane of adsorbed counter ions at a distance 3 from the surface (17). The electrostatic interaction energies at the surface and at a distance 3 are expressed as exponentials. Therefore ... 

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