Electrostatic discharge systems

Some pyrotechnic formulations Ti/KDN/NC and Ti/CsDN/NC were formulated and tested for combustion velocity, sensitivity to impact, friction and electrostatic discharge etc. The data show that both formulations are extremely sensitive to impact (the sensitivity being in the range of pure HMX and PETN ). Further, it is also seen that the Ti/KDN/NC formulation is less sensitive [145] than Ti/ CsDN/NC. On the contrary, the formulations show a moderate sensitivity to friction and electrostatic discharge. The evaluation of such systems as components in ignition formulations appear to be very promising as this may allow replacement of the heavy metal primary explosives which are toxic in nature. 

Any compd or mixt whose heat of formation is smaller by 500 J/g (or more) than the sum of the heats of formation of its reaction products must be regarded with suspicion and handled with more than usual care. The hazards involved in working with a potentially expl system are directly proportional to the amount and to the rate of energy release. Because the reaction kinetics cannot be predicted, the propensity of a new system for expl reaction must be determined. The sensitivity of the system can be evaluated by means of impact, friction, shock and electrostatic discharge. Appropriate methods are reviewed in the Experimental and Hazard Assessment section of this article. Sensitivity to heat or elevated temp may be evaluated by use of differential thermal analysis (DTA)... 

Operational environment checks should include those on power supplies, ambient temperature and humidity, vibration and dust levels, Electro-Magnetic Interference (EMI), Radio Frequency Interference (RFl), and Electrostatic Discharges (ESD) as relevant to the needs of the computer system. This list of operational environment requirements is by no means exhaustive, and may be extended or even reduced depending on what is known about the system. EMI and RFI might be tested with the localized use of mobile or cell telephones, walkie-talkie communications receivers/transmitters, arc welding equipment, and electronic drills. The aim is to test the vulnerability of the computer system to interference in situations that must be considered as normal working conditions. 

Control of environmental conditions For systems that require a controlled environment, an SOP that defines the acceptable ranges of temperature, humidity, and power supply. Other environmental considerations may be what to do in the case of electrostatic discharges, power surges, fire, and lightning strikes, or the use and maintenance of an uninterruptible power supply (UPS). 

Lead styphnate. Lead styphnate, 13, also known as 2,4,6-trinitro-soreinate, is an explosive compound used to start the ignition-to-detonation process in the explosive sequence. It is stable at elevated temperatures and non-corrosive. The addition of graphite enhances its electrical conductivity in systems designed for electrical initiation. Dry lead styphnate is the most sensitive of the primary explosives to electrostatic discharge [6]. 

Greater resistance to electrical interference effects of electrostatic discharges (BSD) in electrical and electronic systems... 

Conductive additives such as high-purity carbon blacks are commonly added to compounds where there is a potential hazard from electrostatic discharge. There is also extensive development of systems based on metal fibres, to give higher protection or shielding against electromechanical interference. 

Personnel safety and control of electrostatic discharge (ESD) by limiting potentials between aU non-current-carrying metal parts of an electrical distribution system and the earth. 

Differential mode On a wire pair when the voltages or currents are of opposite polarity. Electromagnetic compatibilty (EMC) Operation of equipments and systems in their installed environments which cause no unfavorable response to or by other equipments and systems in same. Electroms etic environmental effects (E3) Abroad umbrella term used to cover EMC, EMI, RFl, electromagnetic pulse (EMP), electrostatic discharge (ESD), radiation hazards (RADHAZ), Hghtning, and the Hke. 

There has been considerable interest in the study of the reactivity and properties of various tetrazine derivatives. The 1,2,4,5-tetrazine ring system is electroactive and has a high electron affinity. Tetrazines possess high positive heats of formation and large crystal densities—properties important in energetic materials appfications. Additionally, they seem to be insensitive to destructive stimuli such as friction, impact, and electrostatic discharge. 

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