Electrostatic attraction and repulsion

The first term includes the electrostatic attractions and repulsions between the net charges on pairs of atoms, one from each molecule. The second involves interactions between occupied and vacant molecular orbitals on the two molecules. The hypothesis is that the reaction proceeds in a way to produce the most favorable... 

Figure 5 shows the enhanced concentration of oppositely charged ions near the charged surface, and the depleted concentration of similarly charged ions near the charged surface due to electrostatic attractions and repulsions. Both factors reduce the effective potential, /, as the distance from the surface, X, increases. The distance at which / drops to 1/ (37%) of its value at the Stem plane is called the counterion atmosphere decay distance,... 

The effect of electrostatic attraction and repulsion are important in ionic... 

When solid NaCl is heated to 801° C, it melts, and the ions are no longer fixed in a simple geometric pattern. They will move relative to each other, subject only to the constraint of electrostatic attraction and repulsion. Each Na, therefore, will be adjacent to as many Cl anions as possible, and each Cl will tend to be surrounded by Na cations. No longer would each ion be surrounded by precisely 6 ions of the opposite charge. This looser arrangement of ions in molten sodium chloride shows that the liquid state displays an increased disorder than the solid state, so it is of higher entropy. 

Nucleophiles do not really react with the nucleus but with empty electronic orbitals. Even so, electrostatic attraction (and repulsion) may well play a crucial role in determining the course of the process. If a molecule has a positive charge, it is because there are more protons in its nuclei than there are electrons around them. 

Atoms a and c have a single electron each, but atom b has two valency electrons and the complete molecule contains two bonds, ab and be. The electrostatic attraction and repulsion of all the electrons and nuclei enter into the Coulombic energy term. The exchange energy of the links ab and be will be ... 

Kamegawa and Yoshida (612] studied the pH dependence of the adsorption of several surface-active agents by chemically modified carbons. The uptake of nonionic polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether (PO) was not affected by pH, but it deereased with increasing outgassing temperature of the carbon. The uptakes of both the cationic octadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (OT) and the anionic sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DB) exhibited a shallow minimum at intermediate pHs. The authors concluded that the van der Waals force was dominant in the adsorption of PO, while electrostatic attraction and repulsion, respectively, contributed to the behavior of OT and DB. 

Molecular associations between polymer segments occur through the cooperation of several intermolecular forces such as hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces, and electrostatic attractive and repulsive forces. The disruption of junction zones is associated with a high activation energy, further indicating that many intermolecular forces cooperate to retain the structure of each junction.f ... 

In heterolytic cleavage the fragments formed are electrically Qharged and subject to the usual laws of electrostatic attraction and repulsion, lieu-free radicals are formed, highly reactive species are present, but the fragments have no formal charger Cleanly, therefore, such reactions... 

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