Electrosprays electrohydrodynamic sprays

Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization APCI is a method closely related to electrospray ionization. It uses ion-molecule reactions to produce ions from analyte molecules. The sample is electrohydrodynamically sprayed into the source (Figure 14.3). The evaporation of the solvent is often supported by a heated gas at temperatures between 80 and 400°C. Within the source, a plasma is created using a corona discharge needle that is placed close to the end of the metal capillary. In this plasma, proton transfer reactions occur, leading to the ionization of the analyte, mainly by the formation of [M+H]+ ions. Compared to ESI MS, APCI MS is very well suited for the analysis of less-polar components and can therefore... 

Keywords Aerodynamic effects Charged droplets Cone jet Droplet evaporation Droplet deformation Electrohydrodynamic spray Electrospray Ion source Mass spectrometry Mass spectroscopy Rayleigh charge limit Spray modes Taylor cone... 

When the ions are at the fluid/air interface they form an electric double layer [3]. Here they apply an electrostatic force on the interface, which opposes the surface tension forces and deforms the drop. If a large enough electric field is applied, these ions can actually overcome the surface tension forces and break through the liquid/ air interface barrier [4]. This is essentially what happens in an electrospray (ES), also called electrohydrodynamic spray (EHD). This phenomenon is illustrated in Fig. 32.2. 

Fast atom bombardment (FAB) Plasma desorption (PD) Liquid secondary-ion mass spectrometry (LSIMS) Thermospray (TSP)/plasmaspray (PSP) Electrohydrodynamic ionisation (EHI) Multiphoton ionisation (MPI) Atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI) Electrospray ionisation (ESI) Ion spray (ISP) Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI) Atmospheric pressure photoionisation (APPI) Triple quadrupole (QQQ) Four sector (EBEB) Hybrid (EBQQ) Hybrid (EB-ToF, Q-ToF) Tandem ToF-ToF Photomultiplier... 

Electrospray, also called electrohydrodynamic or electrostatic spray, is an atomization technique in which liquids are dispersed solely by the application of high voltages. A simple electrospray setup is shown in Fig. 4. A liquid flows into a metal capillary tube charged to the kilovolt range and emerges from the tip as a conical meniscus, known as a Taylor cone, due to the intense electric field (Fig. 5). An unstable jet extends continuously from the apex of the cone and disperses into charged droplets further downstream. Electrosprays have been used in industrial... 

Encapsulation via Electrohydrodynamic Atomization Spray Technology (Electrospray)... 

Abstract This chapter provides an introduction to electrosprays (ES). Electrosprays, also known as Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) sprays, are sprays created from the atomization of a bulk liquid due to electrostatic charging. The fundamental physics involved in such sprays is first introduced followed by results of experimental and theoretical characterization. Practical applications are briefly discussed with special attention paid to the use of electrospray in mass spectrometry where it is used as an ion source. 

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