Aerodynamic effects

This invention relates generally to light weight covers used to increase the aerodynamic properties of wheels. More specifically, the present invention relates to covers for wheels capable of creating an aerodynamic effect by reducing the friction or drag across the surface of a wheel created by air flow. 

L. J. Runyan, T. A. James, A. Zierten, E. G. Hill, and H. E. Addy, Eewis IRT Test of the Aerodynamic Effects of Aircraft Ground Deicing Anti-Icing Fluids,... 

Coefficient entry or discharge) The ratio of aerodynamic (effective) area to the measured area of an opening. The value for a square-edged hole of 0.61 is used for most building openings. 

The substantial effect of secondary breakup of droplets on the final droplet size distributions in sprays has been reported by many researchers, particularly for overheated hydrocarbon fuel sprays. 557 A quantitative analysis of the secondary breakup process must deal with the aerodynamic effects caused by the flow around each individual, moving droplet, introducing additional difficulty in theoretical treatment. Aslanov and Shamshev 557 presented an elementary mathematical model of this highly transient phenomenon, formulated on the basis of the theory of hydrodynamic instability on the droplet-gas interface. The model and approach may be used to make estimations of the range of droplet sizes and to calculate droplet breakup in high-speed flows behind shock waves, characteristic of detonation spray processes. 

Use could be made of aerodynamic effects such as Bernouille or Magnus effects to generate quite high forces. Water could also be used as a source of variable mass, filling containers which can change the balance of various hinged parts of a sculpture. 

Presser, C., A. K. Gupta, and H. G. Semerjian. 1988. Dynamics of pressure-jet and air-assist nozzle sprays Aerodynamic effects. AIAA Paper No. 88-3139. 

In addition to the Faraday Cage effect, aerodynamic effects do not favor spraying inside a corner. Airflow considerations based on part geometry must also be taken into account to deliver the highly charged powder inside a corner or a channel, while not using so much air that the powder is prevented from depositing. 

The cathode is continuously rotated by means of an external motor in order to allow constant ablation conditions for all pulses and a homogeneous consumption of the rod. Higher deposition rates can be obtained by substituting the simple cylindrical nozzle with a more complex one (called focuser) as described in Reference 28. Exploiting inertial aerodynamic effects [28,29], the focuser reduces the angular semiaperture of the beam from 12° to less than 1° concentrating the cluster on the center of the beam. 

The boundary layers that form along the exposed surfaces of the obstacle separate from the obstacle at locations determined by geometry or aerodynamic effects. When geometry does not fix the locations (sharp edges being a key separation trigger), the locations tend to fluctuate with variations in the characteristics of the flow field. This is typically the case for rounded obstacles, where the separation point moves as the Reynolds number of the flow increases. 

The gravitational principle can be applied during horizontal flow of a mixture of gas and particles, where the gas velocity is almost zero in a limiting layer of the gas at the boundary surface, so that the motion of particles induced by gravity can occur. The motion of particles in a stationary medium reaches a steady state and the velocity of fall results from an equilibrium between gravitational and aerodynamic effects. The quantity of particles separated on the given areas is determined by the particle concentration in the limit layer and by the velocity of fall. 

I 1.4.3. Plasma Aerodynamic Effects in Ballistic Range Tests... 

High-Speed Aerodynamic Effects of Filamentary Discharges... 

Aerodynamic Effects of Surface and Dielectric Barrier Discharges Aerodynamic Plasma Actuators... 

The movement of a chemical substance within the vapor phase occurs by the combined driving forces of flow and diffusion. An illustration of these effects can be visualized by considering a smokestack plume in the absence of wind, the plume will rise vertically in a more or less uniform column until it reaches an elevation where density considerations result in its spreading out into a relatively broad and flat mantle. When wind is factored into the equation, the plume may move in a more nearly horizontal direction, more or less parallel to the surface of the ground, and at certain wind speeds the plume structure can break up into loops or bends due to turbulent aerodynamic effects such as eddy formation. In addition, small eddies can result in the breakdown of the coherent plume structure, with the formation of... 

Two-phase microstructural constitutive equation combined with the thin-shell model and dynamic model including the effect of crystallization Model including the aerodynamic effect of the air jet... 

Linear Capillary Instability of a Jet Affected by Aerodynamic Effects... 

The SMD correlations in Table 24.3 for air-assist nozzles contain at least one condition that makes it difficult to compare them with each other. For example, 24.3.i derived by Sakai et al. [28] contains restrictions on the liquid, and 24.3.V by Wu et al. [29] assumes that there are no aerodynamic effects on the liquid. The most generic equation in Table 24.3 is 24.3.vii derived by Simmons [30] however, even it contains a restriction that the nozzle must be of the externally mixing type. Also, due to the constant C present, the equation has very limited applicability. The reason on these conditions was explained, in part, by Lefebvre [1]. He said that differentiating between an air-assist and an airblast nozzle is often arbitrary. And many times, a nozzle classified as one may be the other. In other words, a nozzle may be both air-assist and airblast. 

Aerodynamic effects must be negligible (i.e., Pl/Pa > 500) C nozzle constant... 

The Sterling-Sleicher [13] result is often used in current approaches as it incorporates aerodynamic effects. Chapter 3 provides a detailed description of the analytic technique employed for these linear stability analyses, only a final result (dispersion equation) relating the growth rate of disturbances given a certain wavenumber k) wiU be provided here. The inviscid form of Sterling and Sleicher s result may be written (see (1.4.2)) ... 

P. K. Wu and G. M. Faeth. Aerodynamic effects on primary breakup of turbulent liquids. Atomization Sprays, 3, 265-289, 1993. 

Keywords Aerodynamic effects Charged droplets Cone jet Droplet evaporation Droplet deformation Electrohydrodynamic spray Electrospray Ion source Mass spectrometry Mass spectroscopy Rayleigh charge limit Spray modes Taylor cone... 

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