Electronic theory, of organic

No mechanistic aspects of organic chemistry (or, for this reason, any reaction intermediates) were ever mentioned by Zemplen in his lectures or writings, nor did he consider or accept their existence. I never heard him mention the names of Meerwein, Ingold, Robinson, or any other pioneers of the mechanistic electronic theory of organic chemistry. The possible role of organic ions was similarly never mentioned. He was. 

For the electronic theory of organic chemistry 1926 was the annus mirabilis, and, particularly, as they applied to aromatic substitution, the... 

The electronic theory of organic chemistry, and other developments such as resonance theory, and parallel developments in molecular orbital theory relating to aromatic reactivity have been described frequently. A general discussion here would be superfluous at the appropriate point a brief summary of the ideas used in this book will be given ( 7- )-... 

THEORIES RELATING STRUCTURE AND REACTIVITY 7.2.1 The electronic theory of organic chemistry... 

Dewar, M.J.S. The Electronic Theory of Organic Chemistry Oxford University Press London, 1949 p 52. 

Dewar MJS (1945) Nature 156 784 Dewar MJS (1946) J Chem Soc 777 Dewar MJS (1949) The electronic theory of organic chemistry. Oxford Clarendon Press, London Haaland A (1989) Angew Chem 101 1017 Haaland A (1989) Angew Chem Intern Ed Engl 28 992... 

Other approximate, more empirical methods are the extended Huckel 31> and hybrid-based Hiickel 32. 3> approaches. In these methods the electron repulsion is not taken into account explicitly. These are extensions of the early Huckel molecular orbitals 4> which have successfully been used in the n electron system of planar molecules. On account of the simplest feature of calculation, the Hiickel method has made possible the first quantum mechanical interpretation of the classical electronic theory of organic chemistry and has given a reasonable explanation for the chemical reactivity of sizable conjugated molecules. 

G Bekker The Introduction into Electronic Theory of Organic Reaction , The World", Moscow, 227, 1965, (russ.). 

See Walther Nernst, "Die elektrolytische Zersetzung wassriger Losungen," Berichte 30 (1897) 1563 also in Theoretical Chemistry, 390392 discussed in G. V. Bykov, "Historical Sketch of the Electron Theories of Organic Chemistry," Chymia X (1965) 199253, on 201 and Anthony N. Stranges, Electrons and Valence. Development of the Theory, 19001925 (College Station Texas A M University Press, 1982) 7780. 

Christopher K. Ingold, "Principles of an Electronic Theory of Organic Reactions," Chemical Reviews 15 (1934) 225274. 

Quoted in J. Shorter, "Electronic Theories of Organic Chemistry Robinson and Ingold," Natural Products Reports. Royal Society of Chemistry 4 (1987) 6166 on p. 63. 

Saltzman, "Sir Robert Robinson," 543548 Saltzman, "The Robinson-Ingold Controversy Precedence in the Electronic Theory of Organic Reactions," JChem.Ed. 57 (1980) 484488 and J. Shorter, "Electronic Theories of Organic Chemistry," 6166. 

Quoted in Shorter, "Electronic Theories of Organic Chemistry," 63. 

As is well known, Robinson became convinced that Ingold had not given him proper credit for his, and Lapworth s, role in the development of an electronic theory of organic reaction mechanisms. In reply to a furious letter from Robinson, Thorpe tried to reassure Robinson about Ingold. 

However, within the next few years, Ingold s dominance in the field of organic reaction mechanisms theory became clearly established, following a 1933 paper on tautomerism in which he introduced the terms "nucleophilic" and "electrophilic" and a 1934 article in Chemical Reviews systematizing "Principles of an Electronic Theory of Organic Reactions." Burkhardt, one of Lapworth s collaborators, said, "ft was a complete takeover of terminology at the right time. "129... 

Burkhardt, "Arthur Lapworth and Others," 143. C. K. Ingold, "The Significance of Tautomerism and of the Reactions of Aromatic Compounds in the Electronic Theory of Organic Reactions," JCS (1933) 1120 and C. 

His magisterial review, "Principles of an Electronic Theory of Organic Reactions". . . was a kind of legal brief describing the way physical organic chemistry ought to be if only God had done his work properly. 

Busy with the move from Leeds to London in 1930, Ingold afterward was in residence at Stanford University in California in 1932, with some leisure to work out generalizations of the results already at hand. He soon published two widely read pieces "Significance of Tautomerism and of the Reactions of Aromatic Compounds in the Electronic Theory of Organic Reactions," in the Journal of the Chemical Society, and the essay review, "Principles of an Electronic Theory of Organic Reactions," in Chemical Reviews.58... 

See Bernard Pullman and Alberte Pullman, Les theories electroniques de la chimie organique (Paris Masson, 1952) ix, on the long delayed research in electron theories of organic chemistry despite the earlier work of Prevost and Kirrmann. 

Bykov, G. V. "Historical Sketch of the Electron Theories of Organic Chemistry." Chymia 10 (1965) 199253. 

The Robinson-Ingold Controversy Precedence in the Electronic Theory of Organic Reactions." JChem.Ed. 57 (1980) 484488. 

In the nineteen-twenties the examination of the directing effects of nitro, amino and related groups was prominent in the work of various research groups, particularly those involved in the controversies regarding electronic theories of organic chemistry which raged from 1924 for several years44-46. Thus in 1926-27 Robert Robinson and his... 

References 44-46 give references to the various accounts in which Robinson described the features of his electronic theory of organic reactions. The most comprehensive account was in R. Robinson, Outline of an Electrochemical (Electronic) Theory of the Course of Organic Reactions, Institute of Chemistry, London, 1932, 52pp. 

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