Electronic ENIAC

FIGURE 8.1 The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC) and its inventor, J. Presper Eekert, circa 1946. ENIAC was the world s first electronic computer. Courtesy, UNISYS Corporation. 

Additional References A) Anon, "Electronic Calculator Eniac , SciAmer 174, 248(June 1946) B) A.S. Householder, ed, "Monte Carlo Method , Applied Mathematics Series No 12, USNatlBurStds, GovtPrtgOff, Washington, DC... 

Faster computers with bigger memory capabilities and smaller size and energy consumption are a must for further technological development. More complicated tasks can be handled with computer speed and memories doubling every 3 years and an increase in computers efficiency being accompanied by the shrinking of their sizes. One of the first electronic computers ENIAC occupied several rooms and weighted 30 tons [51], its counterparts in the seventies were of the size of a wardrobe while todays palmtops are more efficient than mainframes of the 1980-ties. However, this miniaturization process cannot... 

ENIAC- Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer was built for American Army by J. P. Eckert and J. W. Mauchley at the Pennsylvania State University in 1946. It weighed about 30 tons, consisted of 18 thousand vacuum lamps and semiconducting diodes. - Gazeta Wyborcza, 18 marca 2000, Supermaket p. 3. 

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer). The first electronic dig-... 

Digital computers were first built at Harvard University (Aiken s53 Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, Mark I, 1939-1944) and at the University of Pennsylvania by Eckert54 and Mauchly55 (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator, ENIAC, 1946) they used vacuum tubes instead of the cumbersome and slow mechanical switches. ENIAC morphed into an Eckert-Mauchly design of BINAC, which was sold to Remington Rand and became Univac I. 

Transistors have had an immense impact on the technology of electronic devices for which signal amplification is needed, such as communications equipment and computers. Before the invention of the transistor at Bell Laboratories in 1947, amplification was provided exclusively by vacuum tubes, which were both bulky and unreliable. The first electronic digital computer, ENIAC, built at the University of Pennsylvania, had 19,000 vacuum tubes and consumed 150,000 W of electricity. Because of the discovery and development of the transistor and the printed circuit, a hand-held calculator run by a small battery has the same computing power as ENIAC. 

If and when a Josephson junction computer is built, the junction s size and low power dissipation would allow manufacturers to put more guts and gas into their machines. Their cycle times—the time required for a chip to perform one task—would be substantially shortened. Such a computer might, in fact, fill a cube only 2 inches on a side and operate more than fifty times faster than the best that are available today. No mean feat, considering that the world s first all-electronic computer, ENIAC (for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator), covered some 1,500 square feet of floor space at the University of Pennsylvania, where it had its maiden run in 1946, was jam-packed with some twenty thousand vacuum tubes, and weighed in at more than 30 tons. Moreover, its computations were measured in seconds—not a nanosecond, a picosecond (a trillionth of a second), or a femtosecond (a quadrillionth of a second), the measurements computer designers are accustomed to shooting for today. 

In January 1944, Eckert and Mauchly began to consider the problem of creating for future machines a device that could store and quickly access a sequence of instructions. Discussions were held at the ENIAC project on a new machine, eventually called the ED VAC (Elearonic Discrete Variable Arithmetic Computer), which would be capable of storing its instruction tape internally within its memory and issuing instructions at electronic speeds. In October 1944, the Army Ordnance Department granted the Moore School 100,000 to be added to the budget of the ENIAC project to begin research and development work on the EDVAC. ... 

Ley de Charies (pag. 445) Establece que el volumen de una masa dada de gas es directamente proporcional a su temperatura Kelvin a presion constante. eniace quimico (pag. 206) La fuerza que mantiene a dos ato-mos imidos puede formarse por la atraccion de im ion positivo por un ion negativo compartiendo electrones. Cambio quimico (pag. 77) Proceso que involucra ima o mas sustancias que se transforman en sustancias nuevas tam-bien se conoce como reaccion quimica. ecuacion quimica (pag. 285) Expresion que utihza formulas quimicas para describir las identidades y cantidades relativas de los reactivos y productos presences en una reaccion quimica. 

The first electronic computer ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) developed in 1946 at the University of Pennsylvania had about 18,000 thermionic valves and consumed about 150 kW of electrical power. It was a huge machine weighing over 25,000 kg and filled a room. Initially, it was used for calculating artillery firing tables for the US Army s Ballistic Research Laboratory. 

After the war the ENIAC group dispersed in November of 1945 von Neumann was named Director of an Electronic Computer Project at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton. The purpose of this project in the words of its Director was to develop and construct a fully automatic, digital, all-purpose electronic calculating machine... which if intelligently used, will completely revolutionize our computing techniques, or to formulate it more broadly, the field of approximation mathematics (/5). Following the ENIAC dedication the next February, Goldstine and Burks joined the IAS Project. Eckert and Mauchly subsequently left the Moore School to establish their own company, the Electronic Control Company, which later became the Eckert Mauchly Computer Corporation and, ultimately, the UNIVAC division of Sperry Rand. 

In the 1940 s, British intelligence created the first computer, Colossus. After World War II, the British destroyed Colossus. Two Americans at the University of Pennsylvania are credited with creating the first American computer in 1945. It was named the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC). It was able to easily decrypt manual and Enigma ciphers. 

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