Automatic Sequence-Controlled Calculator

Digital computers were first built at Harvard University (Aiken s53 Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, Mark I, 1939-1944) and at the University of Pennsylvania by Eckert54 and Mauchly55 (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator, ENIAC, 1946) they used vacuum tubes instead of the cumbersome and slow mechanical switches. ENIAC morphed into an Eckert-Mauchly design of BINAC, which was sold to Remington Rand and became Univac I. 

Calculation of bend sequence controls can automatically calculate one to several bend sequences, taking into consideration criteria set into the control, such as minimum part reversal, minimum part turn-around, and so forth. 

Earhest simulators determined the sequence of the calculations for the vatious unit operations from the expHcit iaput from the engineer or from the sequeace ia which the topological information about unit operations was entered. AH simulators today analyze the topology automatically and determine the sequence. Most of them, however, allow the user to alter this sequence through various techniques of creating hypothetical calculation units of convergence, recycle, and control blocks or units. 

DNA from Vertebrates For the differentiation of DNA from bacteria and the DNA from vertebrates, analysis can utilize primers specific for genomic or mitochondrial DNA. Real-time PCR with primers specific for conserved sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene detects DNA from all mammals and most fishes. For the detection of chondrichtyes (ray, shark) and prawns, other primers have to be chosen. The analysis can be performed with unlabeled primers. Amplicons can be detected by SybrGreen. For most instruments, control samples with known concentrations can be used as markers, and using these the DNA concentration of samples is calculated automatically. 

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