Molecular beam electron microscopy

Mass spectrometers Molecular beam apparatus Ion sources Particle accelerators Electron microscopes Electron diffraction apparatus Vacuum spectographs Low-temperature research Production of thin films Surface physics Plasma research Nuclear fusion apparatus Space simulation Material research Preparations for electron microscopy... 

In addition. Figure 2 presents a comparison between the voliune of heavy hydrocarbon molecules (neutral and ionized) measured by light absorption 14, 15) and the volume of soot particles measured by molecular beam sampling and electron microscopy (7, 11). These data show that enough heavy molecules exist to account for soot formation, thereby supporting the view that these molecules are probably intermediates of soot. 

Within the last one and a half decades, it became possible to perform experiments directly on the atomic and molecular level. This came with the improvement of existing experimental techniques such as electron microscopy, where the resolution was increased to make single atoms visible [1] high-resolution spectroscopy of single ions or atoms trapped in a radio frequency field or in focused laser beams [2-4] and the spectroscopic isolation of single molecules in solids at cryogenic temperatures [5-7], which evolved from spectral hole-burning spectroscopy. 

Tompkins (1978) concentrates on the fundamental and experimental aspects of the chemisorption of gases on metals. The book covers techniques for the preparation and maintenance of clean metal surfaces, the basic principles of the adsorption process, thermal accommodation and molecular beam scattering, desorption phenomena, adsorption isotherms, heats of chemisorption, thermodynamics of chemisorption, statistical thermodynamics of adsorption, electronic theory of metals, electronic theory of metal surfaces, perturbation of surface electronic properties by chemisorption, low energy electron diffraction (LEED), infra-red spectroscopy of chemisorbed molecules, field emmission microscopy, field ion microscopy, mobility of species, electron impact auger spectroscopy. X-ray and ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy, ion neutralization spectroscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, appearance potential spectroscopy, electronic properties of adsorbed layers. 

Finally, the more direct technique of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been used to observe interfaces in (GaAs) —(AlAs)m superlattices prepared by molecular beam epitaxy [341, 342]. Here, m and n are the layer thicknesses in monolayers and the range studied was 0.9 < n < 4 and 0.98 < m < 5. At n = m — 1, ordered regions involving atomically sharp interfaces were observed for substrate temperatures up to 880 K. 

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