Electron-affinic compounds

ECD Halogenated compounds Extremely sensitive to high-electron affinity compounds Ease of use Cheap Limited to ion detection Poor selectivity Small linear range [31]... 

NishimotoS, Ide H, WadaT, KagiyaT (1983a) Radiation-induced hydroxylation of thymine promoted by electron-affinic compounds. Int J Radiat Biol 44 585-600 Nishimoto S, Ide H, Nakamichi K, Kagiya T (1983b) Radiation-induced reduction of thymidine in aqueous solution Isolation and characterization of a novel dimeric product. J Am Chem Soc 105 6740-6741... 

Wardman P (1987) The mechanism of radiosensitization by electron-affinic compounds. Radiat... 

The second class of materials that has been the subject of clinical study in the context of XRT sensitization is the so-called hypoxic sensitizers. These agents are electron-affinic compounds that exacerbate damage induced by ionizing radiation... 

The rationale of radiation sensitization by electron-affinic compounds involves the chemical interaction with. An alternative statement is that sequestering of e can increase concentrations of the damaging OH [106]. Suffice it to say that the reactions of metal cations with the hydrated electron are well characterized and, indeed, cover a wide range of rate constants depending on the electronic structure of the complex [107]. 

Some FDD detectors also offer an electron capture mode being selective for monitoring high electron affinity compounds such as freons, chlorinated pesticides and other halogen compounds. For such type of compounds, the minimum detectable quantity (MDQ) is at the femtogram or low picogram level. The FDD is similar in sensitivity and response characteristics to a conventional radioactive ECD, and can be operated at temperatures up to 400 °C. For operation in this mode. He and CH are introduced just upstream from the column exit. 

There is a great number of mostly covalent and tetraliedral binary IV-IV, III-V, II-VI and I-VII semiconductors. Most crystallize in tire zincblende stmcture, but some prefer tire wairtzite stmcture, notably GaN [H, 12]. Wlrile tire bonding in all of tliese compounds (and tlieir alloys) is mostly covalent, some ionic character is always present because of tire difference in electron affinity of tire constituent atoms. 

Bromine has a lower electron affinity and electrode potential than chlorine but is still a very reactive element. It combines violently with alkali metals and reacts spontaneously with phosphorus, arsenic and antimony. When heated it reacts with many other elements, including gold, but it does not attack platinum, and silver forms a protective film of silver bromide. Because of the strong oxidising properties, bromine, like fluorine and chlorine, tends to form compounds with the electropositive element in a high oxidation state. 

The original paper defining the Gaussian-2 method by Curtiss, Raghavachari, Trucks and Pople tested the method s effectiveness by comparing its results to experimental thermochemical data for a set of 125 calculations 55 atomization energies, 38 ionization potentials, 25 electron affinities and 7 proton affinities. All compounds included only first and second-row heavy atoms. The specific calculations chosen were selected because of the availability of high accuracy experimental values for these thermochemical quantities. 

The ground-state electronic structure of As, as with all Group 15 elements features 3 unpaired electrons ns np there is a substantial electron affinity for the acquisition of 1 electron but further additions must be effected against considerable coulombic repulsion, and the formation of As is highly endothermic. Consistent with this there are no ionic compounds containing the arsenide ion and... 

Elements at the right of the p block have characteristically high electron affinities they tend to gain electrons to complete closed shells. Except for the metalloids tellurium and polonium, the members of Groups 16/VI and 17/VII are nonmetals (Fig. 1.62). They typically form molecular compounds with one another. They react with metals to form the anions in ionic compounds, and hence many of the minerals that surround us, such as limestone and granite, contain anions formed from non-metals, such as S2-, CO,2-, and S042-. Much of the metals industry is concerned with the problem of extracting metals from their combinations with nonmetals. 

For a given molecule and a given intemuclear separation a would have a definite value, such as to make the energy level for P+ lie as low as possible. If a happens to be nearly 1 for the equilibrium state of the molecule, it would be convenient to say that the bond is an electron-pair bond if a is nearly zero, it could be called an ionic bond. This definition is somewhat unsatisfactory in that it does not depend on easily observable quantities. For example, a compound which is ionic by the above definition might dissociate adiabatically into neutral atoms, the value of a changing from nearly zero to unity as the nuclei separate, and it would do this in case the electron affinity of X were less than the ionization potential of M. HF is an example of such a compound. There is evidence, given bdow, that the normal molecule approximates an ionic compound yet it would dissociate adiabatically into neutral F and H.13... 

A limited number of elements form ionic compounds. As we describe in the next two chapters, most substances contain neutral molecules rather than charged ions. The trends in ionization energies and electron affinities indicate which elements tend to form ions. Ionic compounds form when the stabilization gained through ionic attraction... 

Halogens, the elements in Group 17 of the periodic table, have the largest electron affinities of all the elements, so halogen atoms (a n readily accept electrons to produce halide anions (a a. This allows halogens to react with many metals to form binary compounds, called halides, which contain metal cations and halide anions. Examples include NaCl (chloride anion), Cap2 (fluoride anion), AgBr (bromide anion), and KI (iodide anion). 

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