Electrolytic Properties of Concrete

The specific electrical resistance of concrete can be measured by the method described in Section 3.5. Its value depends on the water/cement value, the type of cement (blast furnace, portland cement), the cement content, additives (flue ash), additional materials (polymers), the moisture content, salt content (chloride), the temperature and the age of the concrete. Comparisons are only meaningful for the 

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The theory of Arrhenius has proved its value with some minor supplements in explaining the behaviour of weak electrolytes, it failed, however, completely when applied to strong electrolytes. Success in the case of weak electrolytes can be explained by the fact that because of the comparatively small number of ions and because of the considerable distances between them, there is no substantial difference between ions and undissociated molecules as far as their individual behaviour is concerned. We may, therefore, assume that all these particles regardless of their nature play an equal part in the determination of the thermodynamic properties of the solution. The degree of dissociation has in this case a concrete meaning and individual weak electrolytes can be differentiated by their characteristic dissociation constants. 

This section provides a survey of the electrolytic deposition of aluminum out of organoaluminum electrolytes, from its discovery to its technical applications. First, the deposition of metals from nonaqueous organic electrolytes is generally discussed, and the corresponding problems and possibilities are pointed out. In detail, concrete examples of electrolytic aluminum deposition from organoaluminum electrolytes and their fundamental complex chemistry and electrochemistry are treated. In a further section, the properties of such deposited aluminum are described, and finally an overall view is given of the development in instrumentation from the first laboratory cell to a coating plant unit with a capacity of 90 mVh. 

The session on Theories of Liquid Structures treated the equilibrium properties of simple liquids from a quantum-statistical and statistical-thermodynamics point-of-view. The tenor in these presentations was the Pair-Correlation Function. The various equations that have been proposed to describe its behavior, and techniques for obtaining their solutions (in special cases) were reviewed. These concepts became more "concrete with a discussion of electrolytic solutions. 

This chapter reviews the chemistries, properties, and commercial uses water-containing ionicaUy conductive polymer systems. In medical applications, these polymers serve as the conductive interface between the patient s skin and the medical equipment. These electrolyte systems are commercially produced in gel, paste, or sheet form using either natural or synthetic polymers. Regardless of the physical form, these systems are typically formulated to a conductivity range of 10 to 10 S cm to provide acceptable performance. A new plication of this type of polymer is reported recently in the prevention of steel rebar corrosion in concrete structures. 

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