Electrolyte miscible

Association without added electrolyte, miscibility at intermediate electrolyte, and segregation at high electrolyte concentration... 

The ordinary coacervates are meant, that is to say those which we have indicated in 6a as belonging to the aqueous medium , thus for example A in Fig. 44, to which in the mean time coacervates also belong which are obtained with the aid of all kinds of non-electrolytes miscible with water + salts (p. 405). 

Colourless liquid with a characteristic ammo-niacal smell m.p. 9 C, b.p. 106°C. Miscible with water. It is present in pepper as the alkaloid piperine from which it can be obtained by healing with alkali. It can also be prepared by the reduction of pyridine, either electrolytically or by other means. Piperidine is a strong base, behaving like the aliphatic amines. 

Whilst some organic compounds can be investigated in aqueous solution, it is frequently necessary to add an organic solvent to improve the solubility suitable water-miscible solvents include ethanol, methanol, ethane-1,2-diol, dioxan, acetonitrile and acetic (ethanoic) acid. In some cases a purely organic solvent must be used and anhydrous materials such as acetic acid, formamide and diethylamine have been employed suitable supporting electrolytes in these solvents include lithium perchlorate and tetra-alkylammonium salts R4NX (R = ethyl or butyl X = iodide or perchlorate). 

Phase Boundaries (Interfaces) Between Miscible Electrolytes... 

For interfaces between liquid electrolytes, we can distinguish three cases (1) interfaces between similar electrolytes, (2) interfaces between dissimilar but miscible electrolytes, and (3) interfaces between immiscible electrolytes. In the first case the two electrolytes have the same solvent (medium), but they differ in the nature and/or concentration of solutes. In the second case the interface separates dissimilar media (e.g., solutions in water and ethanol). An example for the third case is a system consisting of salt solutions in water and nitrobenzene. The interface between immiscible dissimilar liquid electrolytes is discussed in more detail in Chapter 32. 

PHASE BOUNDARIES (INTERFACES) BETWEEN MISCIBLE ELECTROLYTES... 

An interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) is formed between two liqnid solvents of a low mutual miscibility (typically, <1% by weight), each containing an electrolyte. One of these solvents is usually water and the other one is a polar organic solvent of a moderate or high relative dielectric constant (permittivity). The latter requirement is a condition for at least partial dissociation of dissolved electrolyte(s) into ions, which thus can ensure the electric conductivity of the liquid phase. A list of the solvents commonly used in electrochemical measurements at ITIES is given in Table 32.1. 

Two phases in contact are separated by a surface called a phase boundary or interface (Fig. 3.1). The interface is unambiguously defined, for example, in the case of a metal-electrolyte solution interface. Surprisingly enough, even in the case of a liquid-liquid interface where the liquids are partially miscible the transition from one phase to the other is rather sharp. 

Solubility/miscibility Miscible with MEK, ethanol, acetone Biological considerations No limitations except high volumes via the IV route can disturb systemic electrolyte balance and cause hemolysis and hematuria Chemical compatibility/Stability considerations None Uses (routes) All. The vehicle and solvent of first choice... 

Oxidized MWCNTs have also been tested in conjunction with solid-state electrolytes [107]. Compared to pristine MWCNTs, the oxidized MWCNTs have a better miscibility with the ionic liquids used in the electrolyte. Overall, a much improved gelforming ability resulted. The latter was clearly reflected in the device performance. In particular, devices with oxidized MWCNTs outperformed those with pristine MWCNTs and the reference devices in terms of photocurrents, Vocs, and efficiencies. Importantly, the device stability was also greatly enhanced when oxidized MWCNTs were implemented - 100 days with a loss of overall efficiency by less than 10 °/o. The authors ascribed the drop in efficiency to phase separation and subsequent leakage of ionic liquids. 

Gasa, J. V., Weiss, R. A. and Shaw, M. T. 2006. Influence of blend miscibility on the proton conductivity and methanol permeability of polymer electrolyte blends. Journal of Polymer Science Part B 44 2253-2266. 

As a result, the acid strength of the proton is approximately equivalent to that of sulfuric acid in nonaqueous media. In view of the excellent miscibility of this anion with organic nonpolar materials, Armand et al. proposed using its lithium salt (later nicknamed lithium imide , or Lilm) in solid polymer electrolytes, based mainly on oligomeric or macro-molecular ethers. In no time, researchers adopted its use in liquid electrolytes as well, and initial results with the carbonaceous anode materials seemed promising. The commercialization of this new salt by 3M Corporation in the early 1990s sparked considerable hope that it might replace the poorly... 

The use of sydnones for the synthesis of polyimides is referred to in Section 4.03.5.2.6. 3-Methylsydnone has been used as a polar, water-miscible solvent for electrolytes <84CL1477>. 

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