Electroluminescence Photovoltaic device

The conversion of light to electric current in photovoltaic devices is the direct inversion of the electroluminescent process in OLEDs, thus it is not surprising that the same molecular glasses as described above have also been used for the realization of solar cells. There are at least two different types of approaches, however, that shall be described now. 

The application of Langmuir-Blodgett films as rectifiers and/or switches have been also proposed. Peterson [106] investigated two semiconductors polyparaphenylene 178 and polyphenylenevinylene 179 with these purposes in mind. These systems with the chain lengths of at least 20 units could also be used as photovoltaic devices since their electroluminescence should be readily detectable. The doping of such materials may be necessary but at present it is not clear whether they will form Langmuir-Blodgett films when doped. 

Polymer light-emissive device Photovoltaic device Electroluminescent materials... 

Since the appearance of the redox [ii, iii] and conducting [iv] polymer-modified electrodes much effort has been made concerning the development and characterization of electrodes modified with electroactive polymeric materials, as well as their application in various fields such as -> sensors, actuators, ion exchangers, -> batteries, -> supercapacitors, -> photovoltaic devices, -> corrosion protection, -> electrocatalysis, -> elec-trochromic devices, electroluminescent devices (- electroluminescence) [i, v-viii]. See also -> electrochemically stimulated conformational relaxation (ESCR) model, and -> surface-modified electrodes. 

Polymers and elastomers comprising at least one 9-H,H-fluorene group and at least one arylene group have been prepared. These materials are suitable for use as semiconductors or charge transport materials in optical, electrooptical, or electronic devices, including field-effect transistors, electroluminescent, photovoltaic, and sensor devices. 

Figure 19.9 Electroluminescence spectra of ITO/PEDOT/active layer/LiE/Ca devices with 93 (PTPTB) and MDMO-PPV (PPV) as an active layer. Reprinted with permission from C. J. Brabec, C. Winder, N. S. Sariciftci, J. C. Hummelen, A. Dhanabalan, P. A. van Hal, R. A. J. Janssen, A low-bandgap semiconducting polymer for photovoltaic devices and infrared emitting diodes, Adv. Eunct. Mater., 12, 709-712 (2002). Copyright 2002 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KCaA.

Applications - electroluminescent devices, photovoltaic devices, nanofibers and tubes, and sensors ... 

OPVs are suitable for various applications in materials science Organic light emitting diodes (OLED), field-effect transistors (FET), semiconductors (doped), photoconductors, solar cells, photovoltaic devices, optical brighteners, laser dyes, nonlinear optics (NLO), optical switching, imaging techniques, photoresists and liquid crystals [la-e, Ij-o, Ir, Iv, 27, 120]. Among these applications, two fields will be selected here, namely NLO and electroluminescence studies. 

Oligothiophenes with well defined structures have recently received a great deal of attentions not only as a model eompoimds for conducting polymers, but also as anew class of functional r-electron systems [153], Since the initial discovery of organic compounds showing metallic conductivity, for which 2000 Nobel prize in chemistry was awarded [154-156], oligo- and polythiophenes have attracted much attention as advanced molecules with practical use in electronic devices [157-160] and their potential application in field-effect transistors [161], photovoltaic devices [162] and organic electroluminescent devices [163],... 

Electrically conducting polymers have been a subject of extensive studies in view of both academic interest and potential technological applications. This chapter describes the synthesis and properties of electrically conducting polymers and their applications as functional materials, such as electrode materials for secondary batteries, photoactive materials for photovoltaic devices, electrochromic materials, and materials for use in organic electroluminescent devices. 

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