Electrode antifouling

As a consequence, any nonspecific adsorption of protein to the interface will also cause an attenuation in electrochemistry. Hence, the antifouling layer is required to ensure the attenuation of the electrochemistry associated with the presence of antibodies is due to a specific interaction with the binding epitope on the molecular wire rather than any nonspecific effects. The ability of this layer to resist nonspecific adsorption of proteins, as well as preventing electroactive species reaching the electrode, was demonstrated by Liu and Gooding [131] previously and is demonstrated in the current paper via controls that show there is little attenuation in the ferrocene electrochemistry if a different antibody is used or if the biotin epitope is absent from the interface. 

These types of switchable electrode surfaces have been used to selectively pattern two different cell populations onto a surface [151] and additionally these surfaces can selectively release different cells at different applied potentials [152]. However, it is important to recognize that electrochemically switching a surface from inactive to conjugation and active to conjugation has been well explored with nitro-terminated aryl diazonium salts. In such studies, the application where very anodic potential resulted in a six-electron reduction to an amine [139], to which proteins could be attached [153-155]. The key difference is that the interaction of the biological medium with the surface is controlled by the presence of the antifouling layer. In many ways these electrode surfaces developed by Mrksich and coworkers [150-152, 156] are very similar to the antifouling surfaces with molecular wires discussed in Section 1.4.2 [131, 132, 138, 142]. In both cases the electrode is... 

Use Antifouling paints, solar cells, electrodes, solid lubricants, luminous paints, catalyst. 

Other factors, in addition to electrocatalysis, need to be accounted for to explain the improvement of sensor sensitivity when using nanosized materials, e.g., the increase of the electroactive surface area and reduced fouling. Although not always adequately considered, electrode fouling, in fact, broadens and lowers the voltammetric peaks because of progressive modification of the electroactive sites during the voltammetric scan. In this respect, the antifouling effect of the... 

Her research interests are in the field of electroanalysis, particularly dealing with the development of new materials as electrode coatings possessing electrocatalytic and antifouling properties. These materials found application in the realization of sensors and biosensors for the quantification of meaningful analytes in food and environmental matrices. 

Mercury electrodes have been reported for the detection of various metal ions. The sensitivity of MFE is better than HMDE because smaller volume of MFE leads to greater amount of the metal collected into mercury. With the microelectrode design covered with an antifouling agarose membrane, MFE is able to achieve excellent detection limit for Pb ", Cd ", and Cu " in seawater [57]. Due to the environmental issues faced by mercury electrodes, other material-based electrodes were also demonstrated. Carbon paste electrode... 

Other examples have focused on the permselective properties of ECP films rendered nonconjugated and electroinactive after the application of high oxidizing potentials. It has been reported that an overoxidized PPy film acted as a permselective, antifouling membrane capable of rejecting interferents [122-126]. The permselective response of this film arose from the introduction of carbonyl groups onto the polymer backbone during the overoxidation Step. The overoxidized PPy-coated electrode has been successfully used for the detection of neurotransmitters such as dopamine... 

Screen-printed electrodes were also used for quantification of PPCP in waters, wastewater, and sewage samples. A screen-printed carbon electrode was utilized for quantification of bisphenol A in river water and sewage samples, without pretreatment of the samples. " The presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide was very favorable, actuating as antifouling and preconcentrating agent. A limit of detection of 5.1 x 10 mol L was obtained in this study. A screen-printed silver electrode was utilized to quantify the content of aluminum chlorohydrate content in... 

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