Electrochromism characterization

Ozer, N. 2001. Optical properties and electrochromic characterization of sol-gel deposited ceria films. Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 68 391-400. 

G. Liou, S.H. Hsiao, N.K. Huang, Y.L. Yang, Synthesis, photophysical, and electrochromic characterization of wholly aromatic polyamide blue-light-emitting materials. Macromolecules 39 (16)(2006) 5337-5346. 

IR and visible light electrochromic characterization of Th-CNV-EDOT was performed by employing an experiment where the potential was stepped rapidly between the completely oxidized or neutral (labeled Red in the figure) states. The percent transmittance at the (610 nm), 1064 or 1550 nm was measured simultaneously. The switching results for 610 and 1064 nm are shown in Figure. 3. The relative position of the oxidized and neutral forms of the polymer are inverted in... 

Fig. 20-6 (a.b) SPEL (electrochromic) characterization (a) and CVA data (b) for poly(3-Me-thiophene) electrochromic device having a complemen-tarily-coloring NiO/ITO counter electrode. After Reference [25], reproduced with permission. 

Fig. 20-7 (a-c) SPEL (electrochromic) characterization data for poly(aromatic amine) electrochromic device. 

Despite the considerable progress made in the few years in which anodic insertion/extraction films have been known, neither film compositions, film properties, nor electrochemical reactions are sufficientiy well characterized. There have been disagreements, as indicated for h-IrO and h-NiO in Table 2, as to whether is being extracted or OH inserted during coloration. The general problem is best illustrated by the important example of Pmssian blue. Early work (47—50) resulted in two different sets of equations for electrochromic reduction ... 

Baioni AP, Vidotti M, Fiorito PA, Ponzio EA, Cordoba de Torresi SI (2007) Synthesis and characterization of copper hexacyanoferrate nanoparticles for building up long-term stability electrochromic electrodes. Langmuir 23(12) 6796-6800... 

The bis(phthalocyaninato) lanthanide (III) complexes have generated a great deal of interest because they are found to show electrochromic and semiconducting properties [87, 203]. They have been characterized by a range of spectroscopic methods, but much research interest has been directed towards understanding the f-electronic structures and their magnetic properties. In order to understand... 

Coordination compounds composed of tetrapyrrole macrocyclic ligands encompassing a large metal ion in a sandwich-like fashion have been known since 1936 when Linstead and co-workers (67) reported the first synthesis of Sn(IV) bis(phthalocyanine). Numerous homoleptic and heteroleptic sandwich-type or double-decker metal complexes with phthalocyanines (68-70) and porphyrins (71-75) have been studied and structurally characterized. The electrochromic properties of the lanthanide pc sandwich complexes (76) have been investigated and the stable radical bis(phthalocyaninato)lutetium has been found to be the first example of an intrinsic molecular semiconductor (77). In contrast to the wealth of literature describing porphyrin and pc sandwich complexes, re-... 

Spectroelectrochemical analysis of charge-insertion nanostructured materials already offers important insight into these systems. These methods were recently exploited to characterize the electrochemical processes of nanostructured manganese oxide ambi-gel and xerogel films. " 6-229 Spectroelectrochemical measurements were used to corroborate electronic state changes with the observed electrochemical response for the insertion of small cations (Li+, Mg2+) and the unexpected insertion of a bulky organic cation (tetrabutylammonium). Vanadium pentoxide exhibits two distinct electrochromic features that can be assigned to the transition at either sto-... 

The PFg" salts of [Ru(bpy)2(110)] and [Ru(110)3] and analogous complexes containing 4,4 -bis(substituted) ferrocenyl ligands (110 ), have been synthesized and characterized the tris(chelate) complexes are either poorly soluble or insoluble. Electropolymerization of [Ru(110 )3][PF6]2 produces an electrochromic film. The complex [Ru(bpy)2(lll)] undergoes electropolymerization on Pt and glassy carbon electrodes, although the related complex [Ru(bpy)2(112)] does not. Electrochemical and spectroscopic properties of the films indicate that they form by both head-to-tail and tail-to-tail monomer coupling. ... 

Catenane 404+ was also incorporated into a solid-state device that could be used for random access memory (RAM) storage.42 In addition, this compound could be employed for the construction of electrochromic systems, because its various redox states are characterized by different colors.41,43... 

For their characterization, electrochromic compounds are initially tested at a single working electrode under potentiostatic control using a three-electrode arrangement. Traditional characterization techniques such as cyclic voltammetry, coulometry, chronoamperometry, all with in situ spectroscopic measurements, are applied to monitor important properties [27]. From these results, promising candidates are selected and then incorporated into the respective device. 

Ionization of the corresponding diols with HBF4 or oxidation of 9,9,10,10-tetra-aryldihydrophenanthrenes results in the formation of the 2,2 -bis(triarylmethylium) dications 187 402 These were characterized by UV spectroscopy and found to show tricolor electrochromic behavior in reversible reduction-oxidation cycles. 

Teixeira V., Cui H.-N., Monteiro A. and Bertran E., Characterization of sputtered ITO-W03 thin films for electrochromic devices. The Proceeding of International... 

Loew EM. Design and characterization of electrochromic membrane probes. J. Biochem Biophys Methods. 1982 6 243-260. Waggoner A. Optical probes of membrane potential. J. Membr. Biol. 1976 27 317-334. 

N. Leventis Y. C. Chung, Preparation And Characterization Of Tungsten Trioxide Dibenzyl Viologen Polymer Bilayer Electrochromic Films. J. Mater. Chem. 1993, 3, 833-839. 

R. O. Lezna, Preparation, photoelectro-chemical characterization, and photo-electrochromic behavior of metal exacyanoferrate-titanium dioxide composite films. Electrochim Acta 2000, 45, 3403-3411. 

Electrochromic materials are of interest for displays, smart windows, sunroofs, etc., and are characterized by the reversible change in their color upon application of light or electrical inputs. The electrochromic effect is generally associated with the ingress/issue of electrons and metal cations. 

The Dublin group has also reported a three-color electrochromic metallopoly mer 6 based on a ruthenium phenolate complex bound to poly(4-vinylpyridine). The reversible color changes (wine red to green) are associated with the Ru(II) oxidation, whereas the mixed redox state produces a red-orange. The charge transport parameters of the polymer were thoroughly characterized [27,28]. 

---