Electrochemomechanical

The substitution of the two-sided tape with a film of an ionic conductor gives (Fig. 24) a triple-layered muscle working in air.114 The tape now acts as a solid electrolyte. Nevertheless, the system only works if the relative humidity in air surpasses 60%. Under these conditions, movements and rates similar to those shown by a triple layer working in aqueous solution were obtained. This device was developed in cooperation with Dr. M. A. De Paoli from the Campinnas University (Campinnas, Brazil). At the moment several groups are developing actuators, muscles, and electrochemomechanical devices based on bilayer or multilayer structures.115-125... 

Polyelectrolyte gels that showed bending motion by shrinking in an electric field139-145 were called electrochemomechanical devices, electro-... 

Electrochemomechanical systems might be a straightforward approach to realize an electrically driven muscle-like actuator. An electric field induces a bending motion or shrinking of polyelectrolyte gels [23-29]. A review on electrochemomechanical systems is available [6]. 

All books, reviews, and entries on CPs describe the potential applications. Chandrasekhar and others ° have reviewed in comprehensive fashion the applications of CPs, including batteries sensors electro-optic and optical devices microwave- and conductivity-based technologies electrochromic devices electrochemomechanical and chemomechanical devices corrosion protection semiconductor, lithography, and electrically related applications— photovoltaics, heterojunction, and photoelectrochemical cells capacitors electrolytic and electroless metal plating CP-based molecular electronic devices catalysis and delivery of drugs and chemicals membranes and LEDs. 

Otero TF, Angulo E, Rodriguez J, Santamaria C (1992) Electrochemomechanical properties from a bilayer-polypyrrole nonconducting and flexible material artificial muscle. J Electroanal Chem 341 369... 

Figure 15.9 Illustration of the high cathodic strains seen with larger cations in a PPy actuator formed in the presence of an emulsion TMA —tetramethylammonium, TEA —tetraethylammonium, TBA —tetrabutylammonium. (Reprinted with permission from Chemistry Letters, Improved cathodic expansions of electrochemomechanical behavior in polypyrrole films electrodeposited from Aerosol OT emulsion by W. Takashima, S. S. Pandey and K. Kaneto, Chem. Lett., 33, 8, 996-997. Copyright (2004) Chemical Society of Japan)...

Figure 15.11 Electrochemomechanical strain during cyclic voltammetry scans (2 mV s 2nd or 3rd cycle) for PPy films polymerized in PC/TBACF3SO3 and cycled in (A) PC/ TBACF3SO3 (B) NaPF (aq.) and (C) a PEDOT film polymerized in PC/TBACF3SO3 and cycled in UCF3SO3 (aq.)...

T.F. Otero and M. Broschart, Polypyirole artificial muscles a new rhombic element. Construction and electrochemomechanical characterization, J. Appl. Electrochem., 36 (2), 205-214 (2006). 

S.S. Pandey, W. Takashima, and K. Kaneto, Conserved electrochemomechanical activities of pol3fpyrrole film in complex buffer media. Sens. Actuators, B, B102 (1), 142-147... 

Daiguji H, Yang PD, Szeri AJ, Majumdar A (2004) Electrochemomechanical energy conversion in nanofluidic channels. Nano Lett 4(12) 2315-2321... 

Wang M, Kang Q (2010) Electrochemomechanical energy conversion efficiency in silica nanochannels. Microfluid Nanofluid 9(2) 181-190... 

Characterization of the Electrochemomechanical Muscles (Working Potential Ranges). . 16-15... 

Artificial muscles responding mainly to an electric charge, Q—or an electrochemical reaction (electrochemomechanical devices)... 

FIGURE 16.6 Ideal structure of parallel lineal chains of conducting polymer attached to two nanometric lamellas of a conducting material in an electrolyte, mimicking a sarcomere. Under electrochemical oxidation the sarcomerelike structure swells and under reduction shrinks Ideal anysotropic electrochemomechanical element. 

TABLE 16.1 Mechanical Characteristics of the Conducting Polymers as Electrochemomechanical Actuators... 

TABLE 16.2 Comparison between Two Mechanical Properties of Different Actuating Materials Skeletal Muscles, Thermomechanical (Thermal Liquid Crystals and Thermal Shape Memory Alloys), Electrochemomechanical (Conducting Polymers and Carbon Nanotubes) and Electromechanical (Ionic Polymer Metal Composites, Field Driven Liquid Crystal Elastomers, Dielectric Elastomers)... 

FIGURE 16.20 Basic three-dimensional electrochemomechanical unit constituted by 36 basic element, Le., those from Figure 16.19a or Figure 16.19b, microscopic or macroscopic elements. By repetition of this basic unit a muscle of any shape, volume, and supplying any mechanical energy can be constructed. 

Otero, T.F., and H. Grande. 1998. Electrochemomechanical devices Artificial muscles based on conducting polymers. In Handbook of conducting polymers, ed. T. Stotheim, R. Elsenhaumer, and J. Reynolds, 1015-1028. New York Marcel Dekker Inc. 

Otero, T.E 2000. Electrochemomechanical devices based on conducting polymers. In Polymer sensors and actuators, ed. D. de Rossi and Y. Osada, 295-323. Berlin Springer-Verlag. 

Otero T.F., and J. Rodriguez. 1993. Electrochemomechanical and electrochemopositioning devices Artificial muscles. In Intrinsically conducting polymers An emerging technology, vol 246, ed. M. Aldissi, 179-190. Dordrecht, the Netherlands Kluwer Academic Publishers. NATO ASI Series. 

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