Electrochemopositioning device

Otero T.F., and J. Rodriguez. 1993. Electrochemomechanical and electrochemopositioning devices Artificial muscles. In Intrinsically conducting polymers An emerging technology, vol 246, ed. M. Aldissi, 179-190. Dordrecht, the Netherlands Kluwer Academic Publishers. NATO ASI Series. 

Changes in volume occurring in polypyrrole during switching have been applied to the fabrication of microactuators and artificial muscles. These systems act as electrochemopositioning devices, with their movements controlled by the applied electrical potential [194,195]. Films of great structural homogeneity are required for this purpose, in order to enhance conformational movements. 

Otero, T. F., and Rodriguez, J., Electrochemomechanical and electrochemopositioning devices artificial muscles, in Intrinsically Conducting Polymers An Emerging Technology (M. Aldissi, ed.), Kluwer, Amsterdam, 1993, pp. 179-190,... 

Changes in volume have been described during electrochemical switching of polypyrrole in some specific conditions [297,300], which have been applied to microactuators [419]. Moreover, these microscopic movements can be transformed into macroscopic ones by the construction of a bilayer structure. These systems can act as electrochemopositioning devices, their movements being controlled by the applied electrical potential [420 23]. 

The use and application of such changes in volume is the origin of electrochemomechanical devices [19]—sensors, actuators, electrochemopositioning devices, artificial muscles, and so on—as is explained in the following sections. 

Otero, T.F. Rodriguez, J., "Electrochemomechanical and Electrochemopositioning Devices Artificial Muscles", p. 179 in Aldissi, M. (Ed.), Intrinsically Conducting Polymers An Emerging Technology, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (1993), and references therein. 

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