Electrochemical crystal microbalance

The literature concerning the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and its electrochemical analogue, the electrochemical crystal microbalance (EQCM) is wide and diverse. Many reviews are available in the literature, discussing the fundamental properties of this device and its numerous applications, including its use in electrochemistry [1-5], In this chapter we concentrate on electrochemical applications, specifically in studies of submonolayer phenomena and the interaction of the vibrating crystal with the electrolyte in contact with it. 

An electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM or QCM) can be used to estimate the surface roughness of deposited lithium [43],... 

The electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) is a powerful tool for elucidating interfacial reactions based on the simultaneous measurement of electrochemical parameters and mass changes at electrode surfaces. The microbalance is based on a quartz crystal wafer, which is sandwiched between two electrodes, used to induce an electric field (Figure 2-20). The field produces a mechanical oscillation... 

Such approximation is valid when the thickness of the polymeric layer is small compared to die thickness of die crystal, and the measured frequency change is small with respect to the resonant frequency of the unloaded crystal. Mass changes up to 0.05% of die crystal mass commonly meet this approximation. In die absence of molecular specificity, EQCM cannot be used for molecular-level characterization of surfaces. Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance devices also hold promise for the task of affinity-based chemical sensing, as they allow simultaneous measurements of both tile mass and die current. The principles and capabilities of EQCM have been reviewed (67,68). The combination of EQCM widi scanning electrochemical microscopy has also been reported recently for studying die dissolution and etching of various thin films (69). The recent development of a multichannel quartz crystal microbalance (70), based on arrays of resonators, should further enhance die scope and power of EQCM. 

EC mechanism, 34, 42, 113 E. Coli, 186 Edge effect, 129 Edge orientation, 114 Electrical communication, 178 Electrical double layer, 18, 19 Electrical wiring, 178 Electrocapillary, 22 Electrocatalysis, 121 Electrochemical quartz crystal, microbalance, 52 Electrochemihuiiinescence, 44 Electrodes, 1, 107... 

Saloniemi H, Kemell M, Ritala M, Leskela M (2000) PbTe electrodeposition studied by combined electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance and cyclic voltammetry. J Electroanal Chem 482 139-148... 

Lincot D, Ortega-Borges R (1992) Chemical bath deposition of cadmium sulfide thin films. In situ growth and structural studies by Combined Quartz Crystal Microbalance and Electrochemical Impedance techniques. J Electrochem Soc 139 1880-1889... 

In the case of Ni(OH)2 and conductive polymer electrodes, solvent and anions intercalate into the electrode at anodic potentials. Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) is a useful technique for monitoring the ingress and egress of solvent and anions in these materials. 

The electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) is a very useful technique for detecting small mass changes at the electrode surface that accompany electrochemical processes. In 1880, Jacques and Pierre Curie discovered that when stress was applied to some crystals, such as quartz, it resulted in an electrical potential across the... 

Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance Fntnre advances will require the coupling of EQCM with spectroscopic techniqnes that yield chemical information. EQCM has been conpled with ellipsometry (Gottesfeld et al., 1995). However, ellip-sometry does not yield chemical information. 

Buttry, D. A., The quartz crystal microbalance as an in situ tool in electrochemistry, in H. D. Abmna, Ed., Electrochemical Interfaces, VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 1991, p. 529. 

Ward, M. D., Principles and applications of the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance, in Physical Electrochemistry, I. Rubenstein, Ed., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1995, p. 293. 

Leopold et al. and Nyholm et al. have investigated this oscillatory system by in situ confocal Raman spectroscopy [43], and in situ electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance [44], and in situ pH measurement [45] with the focus being on darification of the osdllation mechanism. Based on the experimental results, a mechanism for the oscillations was proposed, in which variations in local pH close to the electrode surface play an essential role. Cu is deposited at the lower potentials ofthe oscillation followed by a simultaneous increase in pH close to the surface due to the protonation... 

Bohannan, E. W., Huang, L. Y Miller, F. S., Shumsky, M. G. and Switzer, J. A. (1999) In situ electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance study of potential oscillations during the electrodeposition of CU/CU2O layered nanostructures. Langmuir, 15, 813—818. 

Studies have shown that the Pt oxides are not hydrated [Birss et al., 1993 Harrington, 1997 Jerkiewicz et al., 2004]. Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance [Birss et al., 1993] and nanobalance [Jerkiewicz et al., 2004] experiments... 

Dam VAT, de Bmijn FA. 2007. The stability of PEMFC electrodes—Platinum dissolution vs. potential and temperature investigated by quartz crystal microbalance. J Electrochem Soc 154 B494-B499. 

We have found new CO-tolerant catalysts by alloying Pt with a second, nonprecious, metal (Pt-Fe, Pt-Co, Pt-Ni, etc.) [Fujino, 1996 Watanabe et al., 1999 Igarashi et al., 2001]. In this section, we demonstrate the properties of these new alloy catalysts together with Pt-Ru alloy, based on voltammetric measurements, electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM), electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM), in situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). 

Gao, G., Y. Wurm et al. (1997). Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance, voltammetry, spectroelectrochemical, and microscopic studies of adsorption behavior for (7E,7 Z)-diphenyl-7,7 -diapocarotene electrochemical oxidation product. J. Phys. Chem. B 101 2038-2045. 

The Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance d 2.2.7—FTIR and Related Techniques... 

The first application of the quartz crystal microbalance in electrochemistry came with the work of Bruckenstein and Shay (1985) who proved that the Sauerbrey equation could still be applied to a quartz wafer one side of which was covered with electrolyte. Although they were able to establish that an electrolyte layer several hundred angstroms thick moved essentially with the quartz surface, they also showed that the thickness of this layer remained constant with potential so any change in frequency could be attributed to surface film formation. The authors showed that it was possible to take simultaneous measurements of the in situ frequency change accompanying electrolysis at a working electrode (comprising one of the electrical contacts to the crystal) as a function of the applied potential or current. They coined the acronym EQCM (electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance) for the technique. 

L. Alfonta, I. Willner, D.J. Throckmorton, and A.K. Singh, Electrochemical and quartz crystal microbalance detection of die cholera toxin employing horseradish peroxidase and GM1-functionalized liposomes. Anal. Chem. 73, 5287—5295 (2001). 

Y. Sato and F. Mizutani, Electrochemical responses of cytochrome c on gold electrodes modified with nucleic acid base derivatives - electrochemical and quartz crystal microbalance studies. Electrochim. Acta 45, 2869-2875 (2000). 

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