Electricity power generation piping systems

Addresses piping typically found in electric power generating stations, industrial and institutional plants, geothermal heating systems, and central and district heating and cooling systems. 

An actuator fault can be generated by a malfunction of the cooling system, such as electric-power failures, pomp failures, valves failures, and leaking pipes. Without loss of generality, actuator faults may be modeled as an unknown additive term affecting the state equation in (6.5), due to unexpected variations of the input u with respect to its nominal value, i.e., the value computed by the reactor control system. 

A new type of hydraulic drive mechanism is used to drive the control rods in HR-200. In the drive system the reactor coolant (water) is the actual medium. The water is pumped into step-cylinders of which the movable parts contain the neutron absorber. A pulsed flow, generated by a controlling magnetic valve in the control unit moves the movable part of the step-cylinder step by step. The drive system is very simple in its stmcture and is designed on the "fail-safe" principle, i.e. all control rods will drop into the reactor core by gravity under loss of electric power, depressurization, postulated breaks in its piping systems and pump shut down events. 

The Package-Reactor is designed for base load power generation, but its electric output can be changed according to demand. The extra energy is then used for non-electric purposes or stored in a chemical heat pipe system, described later in this ANNEX. 

The HGP, owned by the Supply System, received steam via the steam piping system from the N Reactor. The HGP consists of two 430-MW (electrical) low-pressure turbine generator systems with associated auxiliary equipment normally found in a steam power station. The HGP is operated by the Supply System. The HGP condensers and auxiliary cooling systems were supplied by raw water pumped from the Columbia River and discharged back to the river approximately 90 m (300 ft) upstream from the N Reactor raw water intake structure. 

The usual precautions must be observed around the high tension electrical equipment supplying power. The carbon monoxide formed, if collected in closed furnaces, is usually handled through blowers, scmbbers, and thence to a pipe transmission system. As calcium carbide exposed to water readily generates acetylene, the numerous cooling sections required must be constandy monitored for leaks. When acetylene is generated, proper precautions must be taken because of explosibiUty of air—acetylene mixtures over a wide range of concentrations (from 2.5 to 82% acetylene by volume) and the dammabiUty of 82—100% mixtures under certain conditions. 

OTEC power plants can be located either onshore or at sea. The electricity generated can be transmitted to shore by electrical cables, or used on site for the manufacture of electricity-intensive products or fuels (such as hydrogen). For OTEC plants situated on shore to be economical, the floor of the ocean must drop off to great depths very quickly. This is necessary because a large portion of the electricity generated by an OTEC system is used internally to pump the cold water up from the depths of the ocean. The longer the cold water pipe, the more electricity it takes to pump the cold water to the OTEC facility, and the lower the net electrical output of the power plant. 

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