Electrical Polarity Hypothesis

In further support of the notion of electronic tautomerism, Fry cited the 1905 paper by E. C. C. Baly and C. H. Desch in which they described ketoenol tautomerism as the result of the motions of a labile hydrogen atom that functions as a potential ion, "inasmuch as the bond of attraction or Faraday tube of force must be considered to be lengthened sufficiently to allow the interchange of the atom from the one position to the other within the molecule." Thus, the difference between "electrolytes" (electrical molecules) and nonelectrolytes (chemical molecules) has to do with conditions that determine the varying lengths of the Faraday tubes. 125 Baly and Desch s hypothesis was a result of their rumination on Wislicenus s earlier hypothesis (i.e., that the influence of "electrochemical polarization" explains the acidic properties of acetoacetic ester) in combination with thinking about J. J. Thomson s ideas. 126... 

In his partly theoretical memoir On the conditions of certain elements at the moment of chemical change , Brodie supposed that every combination is the consequence of a decomposition, and this can only be occasioned by new combinations. He refers to Ampere s hypothesis that molecules of oxygen, etc., contain two atoms, and says the nascent state is atomic. At the moment of chemical change, a chemical difference exists between the particles of which certain elementary bodies consist, perfectly the same in kind to that which exists between the particles of compound substances under similar circumstances, and on which the phenomena of combination and decomposition depend. It is generally called affinity and the electrochemical theory states that the two particles are to one another in a positive and negative electrical relation . He does not specifically relate it to an electrical state but calls the particles chemically polar . 

Such heteropolyanions are voluminous and thus much more easily polarisable. In the vicinity of the cathode surface in the electric double layer, these anions are strongly polarized and finally disintegrate to smaller particles from which metallic molybdenum is deposited. By the diffraction analysis of solid deposit on the walls of the reaction chamber it was found, that the deposit was completely composed of K2S1F6, which supports the hypothesis of formation of hetero-polyanions according to the above... 

Electrochemical methods used in the diagnosis of fuel cell degradation provide directly macro-phenomena about fuel cell degradation. Hypothesis and degradation mechanisms can be deduced from electric measurement results, e.g., from analysis of polarization curves. To fundamentally understand catalyst layer degradation in... 

In the meantime Debye, who the year before had been appointed professor of theoretical physics at the University of Zurich, in 1912 introduced the idea of polar molecules , i.e., molecules with a permanent electric dipole moment (at that time a hypothesis) and worked out a theory for the macroscopic polarization in analogy with Langevin s theory of paramagnetic substances. He found, however, that the interactions in condensed matter could lead to a permanent dielectric polarization, corresponding to a susceptibility tending to infinity for a certain temperature, which he... 

We will deal with electromagnetic phenomena in the electrostatic regime, that is, we disregard any magnetic and radiative effects. In accordance with the continuum hypothesis, the governing equations for continuous media are Maxwell equation. Here, the eleetric field E, the electric displacement field D, the magnetic field B, the polarization field P, the electrical current density and the electrical potential (p are averaged locally over their microscopic counterparts. The fundamental equations are... 

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