Electrical impedance spectroscopy monitoring with

For the investigation of the properties of BLMs, electrical methods have been applied at the very beginning. In addition to the CV technique, other methods such as electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) have been applied. Shortly after the discovery of the BLM system, Hanai and Hay don reported the thickness measurement of a planar lipid bilayer using the impedance technique [1 - 3]. Their results are in accord with the value obtained on RBC, estimated by Fricke (see Eq. 1). The impedance technique, nowadays also known as EIS, has subsequently used by many others. The basis of the technique is that a small alternating current (AC) of known frequency and amplitude is applied to the system (e.g. a BLM). The resulting amplitude and phase difference that develop across the BLM are monitored. For a BLM of cross-sectional area (A), and thickness the ability of the BLM to conduct and to store electrical charges are described by the following ... 

Bresler H S era/ 1992 Application of capacitive affinity biosensors HIV antibody and glucose detection Biosensor Design and Application ed P R Mathewson and J W Finley (Washington, DC American Chemical Society) pp 89-104 Keese C R and Giaver I 1994 A biosensor that monitors cell morphology with electrical fields IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag. 13 402-8 Bao J-Z er al 1993 Impedance spectroscopy of human erythrocytes system calibration and nonlinear modelling IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. BME-40 364-78... 

Thus, we implement robust diagnostic methods, which are as un-intmsive as possible, with a view to management of the battery s operation and predictive maintenance of the components during their operation. These methods are based on electrical or empirical models using measurements of the voltage, current and temperature, and monitoring of the electrical parameters which are representative either of the SOC or the SOH. These electrical parameters are obtained from electrochemical measurements taken by impedance spectroscopy (Sequential measurements described in section 2.4.12) or by pulsed current (temporal measurements) such as the internal resistance. Thermal models on the scale of the element or of the pack are also of crucial importance. ... 

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