Electrical force repulsion

Hydrostatic (single-phase fluid) Archimedes buoyancy. Effective stress - established at the boundary. Alters interparticle electrical forces (repulsion, van der Waals attraction, hydration). 

The nucleus of an atom is made up of protons and neutrons in a cluster. Virtually all the mass of the atom resides in the nucleus. The nucleus is held together by the tight pull of what is known to chemists and physicists as the "strong force." This force between the protons and neutrons overcomes the repulsive electrical force that would, according to the rules of electricity, push the protons apart otherwise. 

New elements and isotopes of known elements are made by nucleosynthesis the repulsive electrical forces of like-charged particles are overcome when very fast particles collide. 

Surface forces measurement is a unique tool for surface characterization. It can directly monitor the distance (D) dependence of surface properties, which is difficult to obtain by other techniques. One of the simplest examples is the case of the electric double-layer force. The repulsion observed between charged surfaces describes the counterion distribution in the vicinity of surfaces and is known as the electric double-layer force (repulsion). In a similar manner, we should be able to study various, more complex surface phenomena and obtain new insight into them. Indeed, based on observation by surface forces measurement and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, we have found the formation of a novel molecular architecture, an alcohol macrocluster, at the solid-liquid interface. 

When electrons are in the region between two nuclei, attractive electrical forces exceed repulsive electrical forces, leading to the stable arrangement of a chemical bond. Remember that electrons are not point charges but are spread out over a relatively large volume. 

Nuclei cannot fuse without first overcoming the repulsive electrical forces between them. Recall that this repulsion prevents the nuclei in molecules from approaching closer than the lengths of chemical bonds, which are about 100 pm. For nuclei to fuse, they must be brought within about 10 pm of each other. Equation, which describes... 

It exists because attractive and repulsive electrical forces exist between different pieces of the molecule. 

As an ion enters the quadrupole assembly in z-direction, an attractive force is exerted on it by one of the rods with its charge actually opposite to the ionic charge. If the voltage applied to the rods is periodic, attraction and repulsion in both the X- and y-directions are alternating in time, because the sign of the electric force also changes periodically in time. If the applied voltage is composed of a DC... 

The force microscope, in general, has several modes of operation. In the repulsive-force or contact mode, the force is of the order of 1-10 eV/A, or 10 -10 newton, and individual atoms can be imaged. In the attractive-force or noncontact mode, the van der Waals force, the exchange force, the electrostatic force, or magnetic force is detected. The latter does not provide atomic resolution, but important information about the surface is obtained. Those modes comprise different fields in force microscopy, such as electric force microscopy and magnetic force microscopy (Sarid, 1991). Owing to the limited space, we will concentrate on atomic force microscopy, which is STM s next of kin. 

Like 18th-eentury dynamieal atomism, modem atomism also recognizes the importanee of short-range interparticle forces—now interpreted in terms of electrical forces of attraction and repulsion between negatively charged electrons and positively charged nuclei. 

Thus, when there is no charge on the electrode and the electric forces are off, there are three forces operating on the ion—two of attractive character and one of repulsive... 

The more protons there are in a nucleus, the more neutrons are needed to help balance the repulsive electric forces. For light elements, it is sufficient to have about as many neutrons as protons. The most common isotope of carbon, carbon-12, for instance, has six protons and six neutrons. For large nuclei, more neutrons than protons are required. Remember that the strong nuclear force diminishes rapidly with increasing distance between nucleons. Nucleons must be practically touching in order for the strong nuclear force to be effective. Nucleons on opposite sides of a large atomic nucleus are not as attracted to one another. The electric force, however, does not diminish by much across the... 

Was this yow answer Two protons in a nucleus repel each other by the electric force, true, but they also attract each other by the strong nuclear force. Both forces act simultaneously. So long as the attractive strong nuclear force is more influential than the repulsive electric force, the protons remain together. Under conditions where the electric force overcomes the strong nuclear force, the protons fly apart. 

The second reason the stabilizing effect of neutrons is limited is that any proton in the nucleus is attracted by the strong nuclear force only to adjacent protons but is electrically repelled by all other protons in the nucleus. As more and more protons are squeezed into the nucleus, the repulsive electric forces increase substantially. For example, each of the two protons in a helium nucleus feels the repulsive effect of the other. Each proton in a nucleus containing 84 protons, however, feels the repulsive effects of 83 protons The attractive nuclear force exerted by each neutron, however, extends only to its immediate neighbors. The size of the atomic nucleus is therefore limited. This in turn limits the number of possible elements in the periodic table. It is for this reason that all nuclei having more than 83 protons are radioactive. Also, the nuclei of the heaviest elements produced in the laboratory are so unstable (radioactive) that they exist for only fractions of a second. 

Nuclear deformation may result in repulsive electric forces overcoming attractive strong nuclear forces, in which case fission occurs. 

There are several qualitative approaches to bonding in polyatomic molecules, but we shall discuss here the most widely used and currently popular approach. This approach involves setting up appropriate atomic orbitals for the atoms and considering that each bond arises from the attractive electrical forces of two or more nuclei for a pair of electrons in overlapping atomic orbitals, with each orbital on a different atom. The geometry of the bonds is assumed to be determined by the geometry of the orbitals and by the repulsive forces between the electrons. In the course of showing how this approach... 

Lyophobic colloids (sols) may be prepared by grinding crystalline materials or running an electric arc between metallic electrodes, both in the dispersing medium. More commonly, they are prepared by precipitating the solid from a strongly supersaturated solution, which produces a large number of precipitation nuclei. Because there is little attractive interaction between the particles and the medium, attractive forces between the particles would soon lead to their aggregation flocculation). This tendency, however, is counterbalanced by repulsive electrical forces between the particles. 

---