Mechanical work electrical energy-produced

There are many examples of nonequilibrium states. A classic example of a NESS is an electrical circuit made out of a battery and a resistance. The current flows through the resistance and the chemical energy stored in the battery is dissipated to the environment in the form of heat the average dissipated power, Pdiss = VI, is identical to the power supplied by the battery. Another example is a sheared fluid between two plates or coverslips and one of them is moved relative to the other at a constant velocity v. To sustain such a state, a mechanical power that is equal toVoc r v has to be exerted on the moving plate, where p is the viscosity of water. The mechanical work produced is then dissipated in the form of... 

Electricity is produced by the conversion of heat energy (produced in a boiler and transmitted as steam) into mechanical work by use of a turbine, which is connected to an electrical generator (turbine generator). 

One possibility to avoid this limitation is the conversion of heat into another kind of energy like mechanical or electrical energy. In this case (see Figure 231) the converter is producing entropy free work, which can be stored without theoretical limitations. Examples are pump storages, where water is pumped to a higher level, or flywheels, where kinetic energy can be stored. 

While batteries and fuel cells used to be the subject of a chapter in electrochemical books, the decision of the Daimler-Benz company in 1997 to develop fuel cells for the electric drive in their cars brought the fuel cell into clear focus the battery suddenly took second place to environmentally friendly cars. The fuel cell directly converts the energy of chemical reactions to electricity and without moving parts, in contrast to the two-stage method of our present way of obtaining electricity (heat to mechanical work and mechanical work to a generator). Batteries store electricity produced elsewhere, and make it instantly available when a circuit is closed. They have their own market independently of whether they will be used in any automotive applications. 

Since electrical energy can be converted at will into mechanical energ ", a thermoelectric current, is capable of doing work at the expense of the heat which is supplied from the outside to the circuit at the hot junction (E >E. In his classical thermodynamical theory W. Thomson assumed that the thermoelectrical phenomena were strictly reversible, except for the production of Joule heat, which becomes negligible as the current strength approaches zero. In this limiting case, therefore, the heat produced or absorbed at the junctions is equal... 

An electric motor requires 1 kilowatt-hour to run for a specified period of time. In this same period it produces 3200 kilojoules of mechanical work. How much energy is dissipated in friction and in the windings of the motor ... 

Unless an azide crystal is pure and free from defects and photodecomposition, local absorption from the laser beam at defect sites will probably lead to thermal hot spots and initiation will take place. Shock waves produced either by the process illustrated in C, or by reaction, may cause initiation at points away from the focus. If great care is taken in preparing azide crystals, so that they are relatively defect-free, the electrical breakdown mechanism is probably the next most likely mechanism. Further work with high-speed photography and a measurement of threshold energies for crystals, both pure and with added impurities (for example, metals or carbon), is necessary to determine the significance of these possibilities. 

Electrical Energy Produces Mechanical Work of Lifting Weight (Increasing the Electrochemical Potential Through the Transition Zone to Reduce Oxidized Redox Groups Drives Contraction)... 

James P. Joule, 1818-1889, English physicist. He found that the energy of an electric current can produce either heat or mechanical work, each with a constant conversion factor. 

---