Electrical charge neutrality

Wolny, A., and Opalinski, I., Electric charge neutralization by addition of fines to a fluidized bed composed of coarse dielectric particles, J. Electrostat., 14 279-289(1983)... 

Ambipolar diffusion involves the transport of charged species, and in such cases overall electric charge neutrality must be maintained during diffusion. Moreover, during ambipolar diffusion the difference in the mobilities of the diffusing species sets up a field, the Nernst field, that influences the rates of motion of the particles. 

Now, we discuss the role of electrical charge neutrality condition. If a macroscopic chunk of quark matter has nonzero net electrical charge density tiq, the total thermodynamical potential for the system should be given by... 

Complex coacervation (3) can be induced in systems having two dispersed hydrophilic colloids of opposite electric charges. Neutralization of the overall positive charges on one of the colloids by the negative charge on the other is used to bring about separation of the polymer-rich complex coacervate phase. 

The liquid phase is free of Na+ and the functional groups of the resin are converted to a sodium salt. Multivalent cations are removed in a similar manner. Electric charge neutrality must be maintained in both the liquid and solid phases. 

Because of electrical charge neutrality, the total mass of negative ions (anions) should equal the total mass of positive ions (cations) in a system. Sometimes, we use only the total amount of anions to represent salinity. The unit used in this case is meq/mL. Because sodium chloride is the main salt in saline water, we may simply use the total amount of CL to represent salinity. 

To see this, we first note that though it is true that for ionic species, equations (4.123)-(4.126) can result from the electro-neutrality conditions, the conditions themselves are not necessarily a result of the electric charge neutrality. They arise from the closure condition with respect to the fragments A and B. Thus, for a solute S dissociating into two neutral fragments A and B, as in (4.118) not necessarily ionic species as in (4.121), we still have the following conservation relations ... 

A). A stoichiometric complex is also formed on addition of IV to III and the composition is also independent of the mixing ratio (Figure 23-7B). The excess of the other component does not participate in complex formation in either case. The complexes are insoluble in water since electric charge neutralization increases the hydrophobicity strongly. 

In the case of extrinsic semiconductors for which traces of impurities are added intentionally by doping in order to modify their electrical properties, the concentration of donors (e.g., P, As, or Sb) is denoted hyN, while the concentration of acceptors (e.g., B, Al, or Ga) is denoted by Nj. To calculate the carrier concentration in this kind of semiconductor, it is necessary to use the equation of electrical-charge neutrality ... 

Nevertheless, in the structure of wiistite, for the reason of Fe + cations being defective, there still exist given amount of Fe + cations besides Fe + cations in order to preserve electric charge neutrality. These Fe + cations enter generally into the original empty interspace of tetrahedron. At the same time, if one of the vacancies of Fe + is formed in the lattice, then in order to maintain the electric charge neutrality, there must be two of Fe + transferring to be two of Fe +, one of which will enter into the tetrahedron interspace and leave behind an empty space in the octahedral interspace, while the another Fe + stays in octahedral interspace. For example, when X = 0.10 in Fei xO, then the structural formula can be written as ... 

The existence of the corresponding amounts of Fe + in wiistite structures not only ensures the electric charge neutrality in the lattice, but also provides the extremely favorable conditions for the migrations of Fe + along the cavity, as well as for the transferences of the electrons (Fe + O Fe +). This is the structural factor for the extremely easy reduction of Fei xO by Hg and for Fei xO to be doped and modified with the promoters. 

D In general, the formation of replaced solid solution induces the generation of defect because the lattice must be an electric charge neutral. For example, the introduction of trivalent iron ions to wiistite leads to the generation of cationic vacancy. If the other atoms are smaller, they can enter the crunode between lattice sites (called immersion solid solution). 

As outlined above, the physics associated with the Kondo model can be ascribed to the local moment inducing a compensating spin polarization cloud in the gas of conduction electrons, at low temperatures. The models considered in the next section are categorized as screening models, in which considerations of electrical charge neutrality in the unit cell are brought into play. 

If < 1, then binding is anticooperative, for example when an electrically charged particle adsorbs at an initially neutral surface the accumulated charge repels subsequent arrivals and makes their incorjDoration more difficult [58]. 

The Z-spray inlet causes ions and neutrals to follow different paths after they have been formed from the electrically charged spray produced from a narrow inlet tube. The ions can be drawn into a mass analyzer after most of the solvent has evaporated away. The inlet derives its name from the Z-shaped trajectory taken by the ions, which ensures that there is little buildup of products on the narrow skimmer entrance into the mass spectrometer analyzer region. Consequently, in contrast to a conventional electrospray source, the skimmer does not need to be cleaned frequently and the sensitivity and performance of the instrument remain constant for long periods of time. 

Evaporation of solvent from a spray of electrically charged droplets at atmospheric pressure eventually yields ions that can collide with neutral solvent molecules. The assemblage of ions formed by evaporation and collision is injected into the mass spectrometer for mass analysis. 

Parent ion. An electrically charged molecular moiety that may dissociate to form fragments, of which one or more may be electrically charged, and one or more are neutral species. A parent ion can be a molecular ion or an electrically charged fragment of a molecular ion. 

Plasma can be broadly defined as a state of matter in which a significant number of the atoms and/or molecules are electrically charged or ionized. The generally accepted definition is limited to situations whereia the numbers of negative and positive charges are equal, and thus the overall charge of the plasma is neutral. This limitation on charge leaves a fairly extensive subject area. The vast majority of matter ia the universe exists ia the plasma state. Interstellar space, interplanetary space, and even the stars themselves are plasmas. 

Oil Contamination of Helium Gas. For more than 20 years, helium gas has been used in a variety of nuclear experiments to collect, carry, and concentrate fission-recoil fragments and other nuclear reaction products. Reaction products, often isotropically distributed, come to rest in helium at atmospheric concentration by coUisional energy exchange. The helium is then allowed to flow through a capillary and then through a pinhole into a much higher vacuum. The helium thus collects, carries, and concentrates products that are much heavier than itself, electrically charged or neutral, onto a detector... 

When two conducting phases come into contact with each other, a redistribution of charge occurs as a result of any electron energy level difference between the phases. If the two phases are metals, electrons flow from one metal to the other until the electron levels equiUbrate. When an electrode, ie, electronic conductor, is immersed in an electrolyte, ie, ionic conductor, an electrical double layer forms at the electrode—solution interface resulting from the unequal tendency for distribution of electrical charges in the two phases. Because overall electrical neutrality must be maintained, this separation of charge between the electrode and solution gives rise to a potential difference between the two phases, equal to that needed to ensure equiUbrium. 

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