Constant electric field

Tafel slope (Napieran loop) transfer coefficient diffusion layer thickness dielectric constant, relative electric field constant = 8.85 x 10 F cm overvoltage, polarization ohmic voltage drop, resistance polarization specific conductance, conductivity electrochemical potential of material X,... 

Elastic potential caused by an external stress Electric potential caused by an external electric field Constants... 

Fig. 56. Star electrophoresis. Buffer, Veronal-sodium Veronalate, pH 8.6 p 0.06 substrate, Whatman 3 MM, dimensions 22 x 30 cm electrical field constant current 26 ma starting point, 17 volts/cm endpoint, 11 volts/cm sample, 0.02 ml normal human serum duration, 3 hours.

Obviously, in strongly dipolar substances, the purely dipolar constant will be the predominant one and consequently this treatment of gas theory results in a negative saturation effect. Numerical values of molar non-linear electric field constants (259) are listed in Table 15 for some of the more important non-dipolar as well as dipolar molecules. 

MORSE BETA = MORSE De = ELECTRIC FIELD = CONSTANT G =... 

Fig. 1.12 Characteristic stress of a dielectric elastomer film as a lunction of mechanical strain or electric field (constant voltage condition). The charts with origin at O are for a non-prestrained film and at O for the prestralned film. The cross (X) indicates dielectric breakdown and the bar (—) indicates stable actuation strain. Small o and large O represent the apparent breakdown field and actual breakdown strength, respectively...

FIGURE 1.1 A proliferation of mobility methods occurred during the past decade, ranging over dimensions, pressnres, and arrangements of electric field (constant or time dependent). Pressure of measurements is given in the fill pattern of boxes for individual methods. 

Dark conductivities ap allow a number of conclusions [199, 200] and are thus measured first. Since Iq = a U a linear dependence (s 1) of the dark current Id on the voltage U indicates ohmic behavior, a superlinear dependence (s 2) the presence of space charge limited currents (SCLC). The constant a is directly proportional to the proportion of free to trapped charge carriers, the dielectrical constant of the sample, the electrical field constant and the mobihty of the charge carriers. Finally a is also determined by the cell geometry. As a is proportional to the mobility p of the charge carriers it is in certain cases possible to calculate p from the slope of the Id/U curve. The dark conductivity of an ohmic conductor varies with the temperature in an Arrhenius type fashion. The... 

A MOLECULE IN AN OSCILUTING ELECTRIC FIELD Constant and oscillating components... 

In tables on material properties usually the relative permittivities e,y/eo are listed, formerly also called (relative) dielectric constants. Symbol eo designates the electric field constant which, regrettably, frequently is called permittivity of vacuum . 

Dielectric properties describe the polarization, P, of a material as its response to an applied electric field E (bold symbols indicate vectors) [1—3], In the field of solution chemistry, the discussion of dielectric behavior is often reduced to the equilibrium polarization, Pq = So(s — V) Eq (eq is the electric field constant), of the isotropic and nonconducting solvent in a static field, Eq. Characteristic quantity here is the static relative permittivity (colloquially dielectric constant ), , which is a measure for the efficiency of the solvent to screen Coulomb interactions between charges (i.e., ions) embedded in the medium. As such, enters into classical electrolyte theories, like Debye-Hiickel theory or the Bom model for solvation free energy [4, 5] and is used... 

At ip, the metal dissolution occurs at a constant rate and the oxide film begins to thicken. According to elertric field theory, dissolution proceeds by transport of ionic species through the film under the influence of an electric field [F = (AF)/X]. As the potential is increased in the noble direction, the film starts to get thicker. Hence, the electric field within it may remain constant. For instance, if the potential is increased from i to E2, the electric field [F = AE)/X would change. In order to maintain the electric field constant the film must get thicker. The thickness of the film proceeds by transport of cations M " " outwards and combination of these cations with 0 or OH ions at the film/solution interface. The dissolution rate in the passive region, therefore, remains constant. The process of dissolution is a chemical process, and it is not dependent on potential. The film which is dissolved is immediately replaced by a new film and a net balance is maintained between dissolution... 

Here, Sr and so represent the relative permittivity, respectively, the electrical field constant. Ub is the Boltzmann constant, T the absolute temperature, e the... 

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