Electric discharge method

Xenon dichloride [13780-38-6], XeCl, and xenon(II) chloroduoride [73378-52-6], XeClE, have been prepared by photochemical and electric discharge methods and have been examined at low temperatures by matrix-isolation techniques (39,40). The dichloride has a linear stmcture like that of XeE2. Evidence for the existence of XeCl2, XeBr2, and xenon tetrachloride [14989-42-5], XeCl, has been obtained from Mn ssbauer studies (41,42). Owing to thermal chemical instabiUties, no dihaUde other than the binary duorides has been prepared in macroscopic amounts. 

Electric discharge methods are known [31] to be very effective for nonactive polymer substrates such as polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, etc. They are successfully used for cellulose-fiber modification to decrease the melt viscosity of cellulose-polyethylene composites [32] and to improve the mechanical properties of cellulose-polypropylene composites [28]. 

More direct and successful methods for the preparation of non-aqueous metal sols are desirable. Especially valuable would be a method that avoids the metal salt reduction step (and thus avoids contamination by other reagents), avoids electrical discharge methods which decompose organic solvents, and avoids macromolecule stabilization. Such a method would provide pure, non-aqueous metal colloids and should make efficient use of precious metals employed. Such colloids would be valuable technologically in many ways. They would also be valuable to study so that more could be learned about particle stabilization mechanisms in non-aqueous media, of which little is known at the present time. 

Active sites created by an electric discharge method were being used for graft copolymerization by Akutin et al. (130). When a solution of a polymer in a suitable monomer is subjected to high voltage electric discharge polymerization of monomer is initiated as a result of the pressure impulses acting on the system. The authors studied the copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto polyvinyl chloride, and of vinyl chloride onto ethylcellulose. 

The higher chlorides of silicon also may be prepared by an electric-discharge method,27 by the action of SiCl4 on silicon,28 and by substitution of chlorine for iodine in hexaiododisilane.29... 

Metal oxide nanocomposites were synthesized by electrical discharge method using a combination of aluminum and copper electrodes submerged into water. The crystal structure, lattice parameters and grain size of the nanopowders were determined by XRD using Cu K radiation (Fig. 3b). The XRD pattern exhibited the presence of cubic copper with a lattice constant of 0.3615 nm, as well as aluminum and copper oxide and hydroxide phases. The positions of all peaks were in agreement with the JCPDS standards. 

Those combustion reactions described here are best studied by the flash photolysis-laser resonance absorption technique. Other well-established techniques (such as chemiluminescence) are less useful for these cases because free-radical species cannot be cleanly produced by microwave and electrical discharge methods. 

Electric discharge methods are used for cellulose fiber modification to increase the melt viscosity of the fiber and to improve its mechanical properties [31]. 

Photograph of several M/AX-phase parts machined by the electrical discharge method and conventional high-speed steel cutting tools. 

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