Efficiency factor defined

In comparing the fuels, it is important to take into account the utilization efficiencies at the user end. For utilization by the user, fuels are converted to various energy forms, such as thermal, mechanical, and electrical. Studies show that in almost every instance of utilization, hydrogen can be converted to the desired energy form more efficiently than other fuels [6], Table 5 presents the utilization efficiency factors, defined as the fossil fuel utilization efficiency divided by the hydrogen utilization efficiency, for ... 

The three conclusions which may be drawn are that (1) for optimal efficiency it is not necessary to apply too much power intensity (2) the degradation rate is directly dependent on the power density but not the sound intensity and (3) although the efficiency factor defined by the number of molecules degraded per unit of energy input into the system was 30-fold higher, the rate constant was increased by only a factor of 2.3. This shows that the total degradation is not driven solely by the oxidative process. 

Theoretical Formulation of the Separative Efficiency. The separative efficiency E of a countercurrent gas centrifuge maybe considered to be the product of four factors, all but one of which can be evaluated on the basis of theoretical considerations. In this formulation the separative efficiency is defined by... 

When chemical equilibrium is achieved qiiickly throughout the liquid phase (or can be assumed to exist), the problem becomes one of properly defining the physical and chemical equilibria for the system. It sometimes is possible to design a plate-type absorber by assuming chemical-equilibrium relationships in conjunction with a stage efficiency factor as is done in distillation calculations. Rivas and Prausnitz [Am. Tn.st. Chem. Eng. J., 25, 975 (1979)] have presented an excellent discussion and example of the correct procedures to be followed for systems involving chemical equihbria. 

Derrick efficiency factor (DEF) is often used to rate or classify derrick or mast structural capacity [1,7,8]. The derrick efficiency factor is defined as a ratio of actual load to an equivalent load that is four times the force in the derrick leg carrying the greatest load. Thus the ratio is... 

We shall now introduce an efficiency factor, which is again defined as the ratio of the conversion in the pore with and without mass transport limitation ... 

The first term on the right-hand side of Equation (2) describes the formation rate of k-flocs, and the second term is the disappearance rate. In the present study the flow was turbulent, and an effective shear rate was calculated as (e/v) / (19), where e is the energy dissipation, W/kg, and v is the kinematic viscosity, m /s. Equation (2) was also extended to include a collision efficiency factor, a, defined as... 

The concentration dependence of z/l vs. c/c0 is plotted in Figure 11.14a. It can be seen that from a Thiele modulus cp > 3 the educt does not reach the internal part of the pore. The inner part of the pore system is useless for catalysis. This is especially relevant if expensive metals serve as active components on a porous carrier, which are then wasted. There are chances to master this diffusion limitation, which will be discussed later in detail. Another important variable is the efficiency factor tj. The efficiency factor r is defined as the quotient of the speed of reaction rs to the maximal possible speed of reaction rsmax. r is related to q> as the quotient of the hyperbolic tangent of the Thiele modulus qy. 

Therefore, the efficiency of an activator depends on its acidity which decreases pulp pH, and its bonding ability with cations which forms soluble stable complexes with cations at the p5nite surface. In other words, a better activator should have a lower pATa value(stronger acidity) and a greater Ag value (stronger affinity). A combination of these factors defines the activity index Ai as follows ... 

Efficiencies or efficiency factors Q are defined by dividing the cross-section by the cross-sectional area of the particle projected onto the plane perpendicular to the incident beam. For a spherical particle of radius a one writes... 

The slope of the lines presented in Figure 5 is defined as k(q/v). The q/v term defines the turnover of the tank contents or what is commonly referred to as the retention time. When q is increased, the liquid contacts the carbon more often and the removal of pesticides should increase, however, the efficiency term, k, can be a function of q. As the waste flow rate is increased, the fluid velocity around each carbon particle increases, thereby increasing system turbulence and compressing the liquid boundary layer. The residence time within the carbon bed is also decreased at higher liquid flow rates, which will reduce the time available for the pesticides to diffuse from the bulk liquid into the liquid boundary layer and into the carbon pores. From inspection of Table II, the pesticide concentration also effects the efficiency factor, k can only be determined experimentally and is valid only for the equipment and conditions tested. 

In the above example e is equal to 0.830. The AG of the overall reaction can be expressed in terms Of the corresponding battery voltage and for the hydrogen-oxygen reaction at 25 C, its value is 1.229 V. As the temperature increases this thermodynamic equilibrium value will decrease by a factor of 0.84 mV per C. If the water produced remains in the gas phase, the ratio of AG /AH increases to 0.911. So as we see, these values are much higher than what can be obtained by a heat engine where the efficiency is defined by the ratio of the temperature difference of the hot... 

The rate constant /c, contains a factor that allows for the efficiency of initiation not all the radicals generated by the initiator are capable of starting polymer chains, some are lost by combination or other reactions. The initiator efficiency is defined as the ratio of the number of initiator molecules that start polymer chains to the number of initiator molecules decomposed under the given conditions of the polymerization. With most radical initiators the efficiency lies between 0.6 and 0.9 it also depends on the nature of the monomer. 

As Van der Grinten developed his estimation algorithm for real time process control he also introduced a dead time , the time between sampling and availability of the analytical result. As a measure of reconstruction efficiency he defined the measurability factor... 

We may define efficiencies (or efficiency factors) for extinction, scattering, and absorption ... 

When friction is present, the problem is handled with empirical efficiency factors. The isentropic compression efficiency is defined as... 

In addition to yielding information about semiconductor charge-transfer dynamics, the fill factor parameterizes the efficiency with which the photo-electrochemical cell can be expected to convert optical energy to electricity. The practical value of a photoelectrochemical cell is usually evaluated by its maximum conversion efficiency. The energy conversion efficiency is defined as... 

The effect of diffusion on the rate of a heterogeneous catalytic reaction is characterized by the efficiency factor of a catalyst, tj, defined as the ratio of the actual reaction rate to the rate that would be in the kinetic region under the same conditions. 

Essential to reporting amounts of radioactivity in samples is the ability of the radiochemist to convert observed quantities of radioactivity (e.g., count per second) to an absolute scale (e.g., disintegration per second). When the sample radioactivity is measured with a radiation counter, the factor that converts the observed count rate to the absolute scale is the counting efficiency. The counting efficiency is defined as the ratio of the net count rate to the disintegration rate. 

The term Qext rises in value as d increases from near 0 for very small particles to 2 for larger particles. A scattering efficiency factor Q t and an absorption efficiency factor Qabs can each be defined in a manner similar to Qext. Then from Eq. 16.5... 

To characterize the ability of the modification to reduce creep, the following anticreep efficiency factor ACE was defined [1]. 

---