Efficiency Data Plots

Figure 13.7.3 shows the raw efficiency data plotted against superficial air velocity in the cyclones. The fact that the efficiency reduces with increasing gas velocity confirms that re-entrainment, and not separation efficiency of the incoming droplets, is the factor limiting the cyclone separation efficiency. 

From these data, plots are made of volumetric efficiency and agitation speed at each throughput level from these plots the condition which gives the maximum volumetric efficiency is selected for scale-up. 

Cake Washing Wash efficiency data are most conveniently represented by a semilog plot of percent remaining B as a function of wash ratio N as shown in Fig. 18-103. Percent remaining refers to that portion of the solute in the dewatered but unwashed cake which is left in the washed and dewatered cake. Since a cake-washing operation... 

To this end, the authors have determined the time-efficiency of their apparatus, as demonstrated by the data plots in Figure 6. 

From the data, plots are made of volumetric efficiency and agitation speed at each throughput level. From these plots the condition that gives the maximum volumetric efficiency is selected for scale-up. For additional discussion, see Lo and Prochazka, Chap. 12 in Handbook of Solvent Extraction, Lo, Baird, and Hanson, eds. (Wiley, 1983 Krieger, 1991). 

Loadings are interpreted as line or scatter plots. The spectral mode loadings allow identification of chemical species. The loadings can also be used for interpretation of ANOVA layouts or experimental designs. In this way PARAFAC is an efficient data reduction tool for the space of the responses. 

Fig. 12. Relationship between the fraction of the xanthophyll cycle present as Z+A and the efficiency of open PS II units (py predawn or F /Fp at midday) from leaves of six species removed from the field prior to sunrise on cold days in the winter and assayed at warm temperatures (closed symbols) or in situ during maximal exposure to sunlight on cold days in the winter (open symbols), except for the open circles of Euonymus kiautschovicus. The latter represent a range of leaves experiencing PFDs between 6 and 2000 mol photons m" s on a warm day in the summer, with the exception of the open circle with a PS II efficiency below 0.2 that was sampled midday in the winter. Error bars represent standard deviations (n = 3). Data plotted from Adams and Demmig-Adams (1994,1995) and Adams et al. (1995a,b).

Pinching (either due to a mislocated feed, proximity to minimum reflux, or a tangent pinch) is commonly implicated by the above insensitivity. A McCabe-Thiele diagram and a key ratio plot can help identify the cause application of these techniques for this purpose is described elsewhere (193). Any scale-up of such efficiency data must be conservatively performed. 

Figure 4.2 shows the experimental data plotted as e(i p)o as a function of the projectile velocity. e(Up) is an experimental efficiency which depends on the projectile velocity, but not on the projectile charge. Through the normalization, it has unit value at 4.4 MeV/amu. 

When a photoexcited molecule undergoes chemical reaction the fluorescence quantum efficiency is reduced, i.e., it is quenched. Fluorescence quenching provides an excellent example of how competition between chemical and physical processes may be used to establish both rate law and mechanism. The reaction of photoexcited acridine (A ) with amines in aqueous solution has been thoroughly studied.Addition of amines reduces the fluorescence efficiency. Data for an analogous system are presented as a Stern-Volmer plot in Fig. 6.6. The relative fluorescence efficiency, (pf c=0)l(pf c), is equal to the ratio of fluorescence intensities without and with quenchers lf c=0)jlf c). If this latter quantity is graphed against amine concentration, c, it appears that... 

The measures of sharpness reported above are two ways of representing the true slope of the grade-efficiency curve near its cut-point, X50. However, in many applications one can mathematically fit the cyclone s measured grade-efficiency data to some functional form 77 = /(x ) and, with appropriate transformation of the variables, plot the data so that it appears as a straight - or... 

Abrahamsen and Allen (1986) compiled a large number of experimental grade-efficiency data, and plotted them against the square root of a parameter Saa, defined as ... 

Fig. 5.3.1. Plot of Abrahamson and Allen showing the range of experimental grade-efficiency data in the literature. The curves corresponding to the Barth and Mothes-Loffler predictions shown in Fig. 5.2.2 are also included, together with experimental results...

The model s prediction of the classification portion of the cyclone s grade-efficiency curve (i.e., that excluding the solids loading effect) is shown in Fig. 6.A.8. Here, efficiencies are plotted as a function of the dimensionless particle ratio x/x o, where x is the particle diameter and X50 the cyclone s computed cut size. The model is seen to predict measurements reasonably well although the slope of the predicted s-shaped grade-efficiency curve (m = 5) is greater than that of the experimental data. 

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