Efficiency chemomechanical

Researchers are facing difficulties in improving the properties and response rates of chemomechanical andelectrochemomechanical systems based on polymer gels or proteins that are intended to be used as actuators in robotics. Lack of mechanical toughness and long-term durability are other problems to be solved. A basic improvement in the low efficiency... 

A variable chemomechanical coupling mechanism of dynein may optimize its thermodynamic efficiency in its cargo transportation in cells [5,17,67], which was analyzed in Ref. [67] and is summarized in the following. The thermodynamic efficiency of a dynein can be calculated as... 

Relative Chemomechanical Transductional Efficiencies of the Electrostatic Charge-Charge Repulsion and Consilient Mechanisms by Experimental Determination of Ap, An, and fAL... 

As shown in the inset of Figure 5.34, the Hill coefficient for PMA is 0.5, whereas that of Model Protein v is 2.7. Thus, without consideration of differences in An, the relative efficiency would be 0.5/8.0 = 0.06 or one-sixteenth as efficient as the model protein. After the statement of efficiency for chemomechanical transduction immediately below, the relative efficiency of the two mechanisms will be given using Model Protein iv as the representative of the consilient mechanism. The ratio of Hill coefficients for the latter model protein is 0.5/2.7 or differing only by a factor of 5 rather than 16. The experimentally determined relative efficiency is still very large. 

Relative Chemomechanical Efficiencies of Electrostatic Repulsion and Consilient (Inverse Temperature Transition) Mechanisms... 

Simple Comparisons of the Chemomechanical Transductional Efficiencies, Tj = fAl/ApxAn, of the Charge-Charge Repulsion and the Apolar-Polar Repulsion, AGap, Mechanisms... 

In turn, by using the metabolic energy expenditures Em needed by the muscle to affect the mechanical motion, we can define the metabolic or chemomechanical efficiency of the muscle by... 

Combining the two efficiencies, and representing the conversion of chemical energy into useful (reversible) energy received by the fluid, we may define the net chemomechanical pump efficiency ... 

For external muscle work, the chemomechanical efficiency is abouf 0.2—0.25. 

A small organism has a heat loss of = —1.65 W and performs external work W = —0.025 Nm/s. Calculate that part of the total energy expenditure that originates from its internal circulation, which involves the pumping of 122 ml/min of fluid against a pressure drop of 3.4 kPa with a net chemomechanical efficiency of 12%. 

A thin film could lift a fairly heavy weight and operate reversibly for many cycles. The principle described made possible the construction of a continously working chemomechanical system. The operation was rather sluggish and the efficiency low, but it demonstrated the possibility of building a novel type of actuators made of water-swollen soft materials. Later, Tatara developed a chemomechanical piston... 

Researchers are facing difficulties in attempts to improve properties and response rates of chemomechanical and electrochemomechanical systems based on polymer gels or proteins for practical applications as actuators in robotics. Lack of mechanical toughness and long-term durability are other problems to be solved. The efficiency of energy conversion must also be improved. New polymers that can link reversible chemical reactions to changes in volume are required to produce electrochemomechanical devices of practical interest. From a conceptual point of view, deep discussions are required to clarify and differentiate between chemomechanical, electromechanical, electroosmotic, electrophoretic driven, and electrochemomechanical devices. The main problem is to differentiate the presence and absence of chemical reaction. 

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