Effectiveness, surface based

Common practice is to specify exchanger surface in terms of total external square feet of tubing. The effective outside heat-transfer surface is based on the length of tubes measured between the inner faces of tube sheets. In most heat exchangers there is little difference between the total and the effective surface. Significant differences are usually found in high-pressure and double-tube-sheet designs. 

Process Concept Three potential surface-based regimes of separation exist when a second, immiscible liquid phase is added to another, solids-containing liquid in order to effect the removal of solids. These regimes (Fig. 22-37) are ... 

The DELFIA assay, the first effective lanthanide-based immunoassay, was developed and commercialized by the early 1980s.108-112 DELFIA (Dissociation Enhanced Lanthanide Fluoro-ImmunoAssay) is a heterogeneous assay which uses a lanthanide complex based on aminocarboxylate ligands such as EDTA, EGTA, or DTPA, linked to the antibody by reaction of appended isothiocyanate groups (e.g., complex (45)) with nucleophilic residues, particularly amines, on the protein surface (Figure 11). 

Response or effect surface analysis (RSA) uses multiple linear regressions to produce a statistically based mathematical relationship between the doses of each of the chemicals in a mixmre and the effect parameter. The equation for a mixmre containing three compounds would be... 

The alkylation of naphthalene and 2-methylnaphthalene with methanol and their ammoxidation were investigated by F r a e n k e 1 et al. [22-25] on zeolites ZSM-5, mordenite and Y. In the alkylation over HZSM-5 - unlike on H-mordenite or HY - the slim isomers, namely 2-methylnaphthalene as well as 2,6- and 2,7-dimethylnaphthalene, again clearly predominated. These authors suggest that such shape selective reactions of naphthalene derivatives occur at the external surface of zeolite ZSM-5, in so-called "half-cavities" [22, 24, 25]. D e r o u a n e et al. [26,27] went even further and generalized the concept of shape selectivity at the external surface. Based, in part, on Fraenkel s experimental results, Derouane [26] coined the term "nest effect". This whole concept, however, is by no means fully accepted and has recently been severely questioned in the light of results obtained in catalytic studies with a much broader assortment of ten-membered ring zeolites [28]. 

The skimming units are divided into parallel channels and designed so that an oil droplet 150 g. or larger will be separated from the water. Droplet size is based on the oil droplet rise rate being equal to or greater than the overflow rate (Overflow rate = throughput t effective surface area.)... 

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