Effect versus time profile

Since there is a direct link between the Effect and plasma concentration, such PK/PD model could be used for generating duration of effect curves after either bolus dosing, infusion or a combination of bolus plus infusion. To do this, the plasma concentrations from the PK profile were used as input values to arrive at the corresponding Effect values such that in the end, one would have a Effect versus Time profile. For... 

Fig. 10 Blood level versus time profile simulations following (A) a single dose representing 100 units of a drug from a rapidly releasing dosage (B) Three divided ddoses of 33 units each from the same rapidly releasing product and (C) a single 100 unit dose from an optimized controlled-release dosage form. A hypothetical effective level (80 units) and toxic level (160 units) are depicted. The dosing units are typically in mg and the blood level concentration units in pg or ng.

The luminol reaction has also been used for the CL determination of organic substances such as penicillins [32] and tartrate ion [30] in pharmaceutical preparations by their inhibitory effect on the luminol-iodine and luminol-periodate-manganese(II)-TEA system, respectively. As can be seen from Table 1, the results were quite satisfactory. In the indirect determination of penicillins by their inhibitory effect on the luminol-iodine system, the stopped-flow technique improves the accuracy and precision of the analytical information obtained, and also the sample throughput [32], Thus, in only 2-3 s one can obtain the whole CL signal-versus-time profile and calculate the three measured parameters formation and... 

The conversion versus time profiles were recorded by RTIR spectroscopy for a polyurethane acrylate (PUA) formulation (Actilane 20/HDDA in a 1/1 weight ratio) exposed to UV radiation of various intensities (I0). It can be seen in Figure 3 that, after a short induction period due to the inhibitory effect of the oxygen dissolved in the formulation, the rate of polymerization rises rapidly up to a maximum value,... 

Figure 12.1 shows the plasma concentration versus time profile of an orally administered hypothetical drug. When the drug concentration in plasma equals the minimum effective concentration (MEC), therapeutic response is initiated. When the concentration exceeds the minimum toxic concentration (MTC), the drag causes toxic responses. Therefore, for ideal therapeutic response, the plasma concentration of drugs should be between the MEC and MTC. This region is called the therapeutic window. In Figure 12.1 the MEC is 1.5 ng/ mL, and the MTC is 3.5 ng/mL. The therapeutic window is between 1.5 and 3.5 ng/mL. 

Figure 10.1 A representation of the plasma concentration (Cp) versus time profile following the administration of o single intravenous (IV) bolus dose. MTC, minimum toxic concentration MEC, minimum effective concentration.

Figure 16.9 Activity versus time profile for two optimized SILP WCS catalysts with support material (boehmite (c) and y-alumina (o)), temperature, and partial pressure variation for the determination of effective kinetic parameters. T=120°C,...

Puff models generate time varying output, and individual puffs can be followed to consider the effects of wind changes. At every point x,y, z) downwind from the point of release, there will be a unique concentration versus time profile. 

Moreover, the effect of the volume of particle nuclei on the Rayleigh light scattering intensity overrides that of the concentration of particle nuclei, and this is reflected in the Rgo versus time profiles shown in Figure 3.9. Again, these experimental data demonstrate the important role of polarity of monomers in the particle nucleation period, and they are consistent with the theoretical work of Song and Poehlein [47,48]. 

Figure 18.14 Effect of exposure time on the color versus depth profile in Spectar copolymer sheeting (3 mm) exposed in New River, AZ [10]. From Photodegradation in a copoly(ethylene/1,4-cyclohexylenedimethylene tereph-thalate) with and without UV absorber, presentation given by D. R. Fagerburg at the 37th International Symposium on Macromolecules, IUPAC World Polymer Congress, Gold Coast, Australia, July 1998, and reproduced with permission of IUPAC...

The compaction process can be described by a variety of force (or pressure)-displacement profiles, such as force versus time, force versus tablet porosity, and force versus tablet properties (hardness, friability, dissolution, etc.). The effect of compaction speed on a variety of tablet properties can also be studied. 

Temperature profiles versus time were taken for different positions at the reactor tube [19]. The maximum rise in temperature was about 23 °C. Improved pressure control was exerted by using advanced pressure control electronics [19]. In the regions of large temperature increase, pressure was slightly fluctuating this effect diminished downstream. By deliberately changing pressure (in a loop), the temperature response followed immediately [19]. This proved that control of pressure is crucial for obtaining stable temperature baselines. 

This has two detrimental effects on polymerization. First, chelation strengthens the metal-olefin interaction, thereby raising the barrier for the insertion step. Second, it forces insertion through the endo face, in sharp contrast to the known propensity for norbornene to insert into metal-carbon bonds through the less hindered exo face [3 a, 5]. Consistent with this hypothesis has been our observation of the preferential uptake of the exo isomer in the polymerization of functional norbornene derivatives by Pd(PRj)(Me). For example. Fig. 9.3 shows the uptake profile versus time for the polymerization of 5-norbornene-2-carboxyhc acid ethyl ester starting with a monomer isomer ratio of 22% exo to 78% endo. Indeed, under certain conditions a polymer can be obtained from the exo isomer but not the endo isomer [10]. 

FIGURE 20.10 The upper panel shows four time profiles (Cp, Q, Tol, Effect) produced in response to repeated IV bolus doses every 25 time units. The Tol curve represents the amount of tolerance in the system as it increases, Effect decreases despite increased levels of Q and Cp. The bottom panel shows a plot of Effect versus C. Time starts at (0, 0) and moves along the curve. The unusual hand-like shape (hysteresis) is caused by the Tol interaction with Q in the direct PD model. The effect model used was similar to Eq. (20.18), where Q replaced Cp. 

A further indication of the effect of the load variation rate on the stack working regularity is obtained by the calculation of values, carried out on the base of the acquisition versus time of the individual cell voltages. The Cv profile referred to... 

Once a mould is full, there is effectively one-dimensional heat flow in the direction perpendicular to the mould wall, while the plastic soHdifies. The moulding must solidify all the way through, before it can be ejected, so the cycle time is determined mainly by this through-thickness solidification time s- In Appendix A, Fig. A.4 is a dimensionless graph of mouldings temperature profiles versus time. If the plastic is solid at T — Tq = 0.4, the melt is fully solid when the Fourier number Fo = 0.5. Hence, the solidification time is given by... 

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