Effect Curves B

As the concentration is raised by a constant factor, the increment in effect diminishes steadily and tends asymptotically toward zero the closer one comes to the maximally effective concentration. The concentration at which a maximal effect occurs cannot be measured accurately however, that eliciting a half-maximal effect (EC50) is readily determined. This typically corresponds to the inflection point of the concentration-response curve in a semi-logarithmic plot (log concentration on abscissa). Full characterization of a concentration-effect relationship requires determination of the EC50, the maximally possible effect (Emax), and the slope at the point of inflection. 

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Figure 7.70 Schematic representation of the capillary pressure along its axis curve a, without exit effects curve b with exit effects. From Z. Tadmor and C. G. Gogos, Principles of Polymer Processing. Copyright 1979 by John Wiley Sons, Inc. This material is used by permission of John Wiley Sons, Inc.

FIGURE 5—4 Frequency distribution curves and quantal concentration-effect and dose-effect curves. A. Frequency distribution curves. An experiment was performed on 100 subjects, and the effective plasma concentration that produced a quantal response was determined for each individual. The number of subjects who required each dose is plotted, giving a log-normal frequency distribution (colored bars). The gray bars demonstrate that the normal frequency distribution, when summated, yields the cumulative frequency distribution—a sigmoidal curve that is a quantal concentration-effect curve. B. Quantal dose-effect curves. Animals were injected with varying doses of sedative-hypnotic, and the responses were determined and plotted. The calculation of the therapeutic index, the ratio of the to the ED q, is an indication of how selective a drug is in producing its desired effects relative to its toxicity. (See text for additional explanation.)... 

Figure 21.16 Curve A shows a partial agonist curve with a reported potency just below 1 pM at around 30% effect. Curve B represents a bell-shaped curve. Curve C is a steep curve with a slope factor far above 1.

Curved one-factor response surface showing (a) the limitation of a 2 factorial design for modeling second-order effects and (b) the application of a 3 factorial design for modeling second-order effects. 

Measurement of modulus over an extensive temperature range offers more information than T alone (16). Typical modulus—temperature curves are shown in Figure 1. Assuming that the reference temperature is the transition temperature of the copolymer, then curve A of Figure 1 is that of a softer polymer and curve B is that of a harder polymer. Cross-linking of the polymer elevates and extends the mbbery plateau Htde effect on T is noted until extensive cross-linking has been introduced. In practice, cross-linking of methacryhc polymers is used to decrease thermoplasticity and solubihty and to increase residence. 

Fig. 2. Electron drift velocities as a function of electric field for A, GaAs and B, Si The gradual saturation of curve B is characteristic of all indirect semiconductors. Curve A is characteristic of direct gap semiconductors and at low electric fields this curve has a steeper slope which reflects the larger electron mobiUty. The peak in curve A is the point at which a substantial fraction of the electrons have gained sufficient energy to populate the indirect L minimum which has a much larger electron-effective mass than the F minimum. Above 30 kV/cm (not shown) the drift velocity in Si exceeds that in...

From similar skin effect curves, as in Figure 28.13(b), corresponding to tid the ratio R zi JR zii) t- an be found. 

Fig. 7. The effect of Brj intercalation on the temperature dependence of the resistivity of a bulk SWCNT sample. Curve a, pristine material curve b, saturation-doped with Br2 curve c, after heating in the cryostat vacuum to 4. 0 K for several hours [3. ].

Plox X (= 0.0215) and Y (= 0.0035) to get equilibrium curve, which accounts for this effect of heat of solution Curve B, (Figure 9-77). 

The form of that function is shown in Figure 3.2. There are two specific parameters that can be immediately observed from this function. The first is that the maximal asymptote of the function is given solely by the magnitude of A/B. The second is that the location parameter of the function (where it lies along the input axis) is given by C/B. It can be seen that when [Input] equals C/B the output necessarily will be 0.5. Therefore, whatever the function the midpoint of the curve will lie on a point at Input = C/B. These ideas are useful since they describe two essential behaviors of any dmg-receptor model namely, the maximal response (A/B) and the potency (concentration of input required for effect C/B). Many of the complex equations... 

As a melt is subjected to a fixed stress or strain, the deformation versus time curve will show an initial rapid deformation followed by a continuous flow. Elasticity and strain are compared in Fig. 8-9 that provides (a) basic deformation vs. time curve, (b) stress-strain deformation vs. time with the creep effect, (c) stress-strain deformation vs. time with the stress-relaxation effect, (d) material exhibiting elasticity, and (e) material exhibiting... 

Fig. 3-3. Attenuation and filtering of polychromatic x-rays by aluminum. Variation of effective wavelength with thickness. The effective wavelengths shown in tin figure correspond to the measured mass absorption coefficients. The change ir effective wavelength accounts for the deviations from the (dashed) straight lines The x-ray intensities used gave 210 /xamp through 0.0127-cm aluminum (curve A) 3200 /xamp through 0.381-cm aluminum (curve B). (Liebhafsky, Smith, Tanis, anc Winslow, Anal. Chem., 19, 861.)...

Fig. I. Effect of pressure on the melting temperature of argon, (a) Pure argon, (b) argon-helium, (c) argon-hydrogen.Qualitative difference between curves (b) and (c) is due to the effect of composition on the liquid-phase fugacity of argon (M6).

Figure 5.36. Effect of electrochemical O2 pumping on the Zr 3dj XPS spectra of Pt/YSZ at 400°C (a) Zr 3d5/2 spectrum shift from AUWr=0 (solid curve) to AUwr=1. 2 V (dashed curve) (b) effect of overpotential AUv/r on the binding energy, Eb) and kinetic energy, (AEk--AEb) shifts of Zr 3dS/2 (filled circles, working electrode grounded) and Pt 4f7/2 (open circle, reference electrode grounded).6 Reprinted with permission from the American Chemical Society.

These time-intensity effects are illustrated in Fig. 42 by a plot of perceived intensity vs. time, curve A being given by a stimulus molecule, such as sucrose, which exhibits rapid taste onset and cutoff, and curve B approximates the behavior of most dihydrochalcone sweeteners. 

Figure 15.6 Effects of magnetic processing on (a) DPV curves (b) potential dependences of photocurrents of QqN " -MePH clusters on ITO electrodes.

Fig. 6 Solubility effects on drug stability curve A, drug formulated as lOmg/mL solution (q/2 = 1 year) curve B, drug formulated as a suspension with a saturated solubility of 1 mg/mL (ti/2 = 7.3 years). 

Figure 7.34 Permeability-pH profiles of ketoprofen (a) log-log plot solid curve represents effective permeability, and the dashed curve is the membrane permeability, calculated by Eq. (7.53). The latter curve levels off at the intrinsic permeability, Pq. The effective curve levels off to approximately the unstirred water layer permeability, Pu. (b) Direct plot the inset curve for the fraction neutral substance levels of at 100% (scale not shown). [Avdeef, A., Curr. Topics Med. Chem., 1, 277-351 (2001). Reproduced with permission from Bentham Science Publishers, Ltd.]...

Effect of pressure Figure 2.40 shows the heat transfer coefficients for film boiling of potassium on a horizontal type 316 stainless steel surface (Padilla, 1966). Curve A shows the experimental results curve B is curve A minus the radiant heat contribution (approximate because of appreciable uncertainties in the emissivities of the stainless steel and potassium surfaces). Curve C represents Eq. (2-150) with the proportionality constant arbitrarily increased to 0.68 and the use of the equilibrium value of kG as given by Lee et al. (1969). 

Curve B of Figure 12.3 [adopted from Wheeler (38)] represents the dependence of the effectiveness factor on Thiele modulus for second-order kinetics. Values of r for first-order and zero-order kinetics in straight cylindrical pores are shown as curves A and C, respectively. Each curve is plotted versus its appropriate modulus. 

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