Effect of phosphorus

The content of phosphorus in the electrolyte is based on the amount added at the start of the experiment. 

One should note that the average slope between 0 and 1000 ppm was used when estimating the reduction of current efficiency per 100 ppm phosphorus. More experiments should be done to confirm if the slope is linear, because it seems that effect of phosphoms flattens out at higher concentrations. Thus the effect of phosphoms might be more deleterious at lower concentrations, because the slope is steeper. 

In the experiments with a laboratory scale electrolysis cell, the current efficiency as a function of the current density shows good agreement with the literature data at 0.85 and 1.1 A/cm and increases further at higher current densities (1.25-1.5 A/cm ) during galvanostatic electrolysis in molten cryolite based electrolytes. The presence of phosphoms impurities (dissolved AIPO4) was found to lower the current efficiency by about (0.75 0.2) per 100 ppm P at 1.5 A/cm.  

Assistance from SE JTEF, Norway, and funding from Alcoa Fjardaal are gratefully acknowledged. 

Thonstad, J., Fellner, P., Haarberg, G.M. et al. (2001) Aluminium Electrolysis - Fundamentals of the Hall-Hiroult Process, 3rd edn, Aluminium-Verlag GmbH, Dusseldorf, pp. 290-291. 

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Steric effects of phosphorus ligands in organometallic chemistry and homogeneous catalysis. C. A. Tolman, Chem. Rev., 1977, 77, 313-348 (298). 

In the widely used industrial NlMo-P/A120.3 HDN catalyst, the promotional effect of phosphorus has been demonstrated by its industrial performance. In model HDN compound studies, however, phosphorus promoted the HDN of quinoline (8), but decreased the HDN of decahydroquinohne and piperidine (9). A negative effect of phosphorus has also been observed on hydrogenation (10). The question, therefore, arises as to the role of phosphorus in an HDN catalyst. 

The reaction path DHQ THQl- OPA HC must be taken into account to explain the promotional effect of phosphorus in the absence of H2S. A strong promotional effect of phosphorus has been observed for the HDN of OPA over NiMo/AhOa catalysts, which could be explained by the larger adsorption constant of OPA on the P-containing catalyst. The HDN activity of OPA was even higher in the absence of H2S (16). 

Table 4 shows that the P-containing NiMoP/Al203 catalyst favours the adsorption of NHa and of DHQ. The adsorption of NHa is strongly enhanced in the absence of H2S for both catalysts. The effect of phosphorus, which is applied... 

G. Keerthisinghe, P. J. Hooking, P. R. Ryan, and E. Delhaize, Effect of phosphorus supply on the formation and function of proteoid roots of white lupin (Lupinus albiis L.). Plant Cell Environm. 21 467 (1998). 

S. M. Schwab, J. A. Menge, and R. T. Leonard, Quantitative and qualitative effects of phosphorus on extracts and exudates of sudangrass roots in relation to vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza formation. Plant Physiol. 73 761 (1983). 

Grant C.A., Bailey L.D. Effects of phosphorus and zinc fertiliser management on cadmium accumulation in flaxseed. J SciFood Agri 1997 73 307-314. 

Smith E, Naidu R, Alston AM (2002) Chemistry of inorganic arsenic in soils II Effect of phosphorus, sodium, and calcium on arsenic sorption. J Environ Qual 31 557-563... 

An excellent review of steric effect of phosphorus ligands on catalytic reaction has been written by Tolman (42). 

Bodner, G.M., May, M.P., and McKinney, L.E., A Fourier transform carbon-13 NMR study of the electronic effects of phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony ligands in transition-metal carbonyl complexes, Inorg. Chem., 19, 1951, 1980. 

Kirchherg, H., and Wottgen, L., The Effect of Phosphorus and Antimony Surfactants on Cassiterite Flotation, Chemistry, Physics and Application of Surface Active Substances, London, pp. 693-704, 1976. 

Studies were carried out In adult males to determine the effect of phosphorus, magnesium, fluoride and zinc on the availability of calcium for absorption ... 

A representative example of the effect of phosphorus given as sodium glycerophosphate is shown on Table I. Increasing the phosphorus Intake from 800 mg to 2000 mg per day during a normal calcium Intake of approximately 850 mg per day resulted in a decrease of the urinary calcium from 301 mg to 179 mg per day, the stool calcium increased slightly and the calcium balance became somewhat more positive. 

Because the N2 molecule in the complex is still expected to have partial multiple bond character, the d-type functions could be needed. Therefore, d-type function have been added to nitrogen atoms (using a Gaussian exponent of 0.8) of the dinitrogen molecule. Our preliminary test of the effect of phosphorus atom d-type functions on the calculated Zr-PH3 bond lengths of model complexes A1 and A7 showed that the influence of d-type functions on the P atom is insignificant. Therefore, here we will not include d-type of functions for P-atoms. 

Fortunato, B., Munari, A. and Manaresi, P., Inhibiting effect of phosphorus compounds on model transesterification and direct esterification reactions catalysed by titanium tetrabutylate, Polymer, 35, 4006 (1994). 

Figure 2 illustrates the effect of phosphorus upon the SQT for copolymers and blends at various phosphorus levels. It is obvious from this curve that the effect of the phosphorus is to make the polyester more self-extinguishing and has little effect upon ignition. 

The irritant effects of phosphorus trichloride result primarily from the action of the strong acids (hydrochloric acid and acids of phosphorus) formed on contact with water. ... 

The effect of phosphorus photoabsorption in DNA has been intensively investigated because the discovery of the resonance absorption at the K-shell absorption edge (Fig. 3). Soon after the discovery of large resonance photoabsorption in the K-shell edge... 

The dimerization of norbornadiene (1) can also be achieved by use of bis(triphenylphos-phane)dicarbonylnickel(O), the reaction leads to a mixture which consists of dimer 2 (29 %) and a trimer 5 (2%).3 There is an investigation on the effects of phosphorus ligands on the stereoselectivity of the nickel-catalyzed dimerization of norbornadiene (l).4... 

Ryan, M.H. and Ash, J. 1999. Effects of phosphorus and nitrogen on growth of pasture plants and AM fungi in SE Australian soils with contrasting fertiliser histories (conventional and biodynamic). Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 73 51-62. 

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