Effect of fruits and vegetables

Thus, it is uncertain to what extent the apparent protective effects of fruit and vegetable consumption on risk of stomach cancer can be attributable to their phytoestrogen content. This appears not to have been studied directly, and other constituents such as ascorbic acid (vitamin C), a-tocopherol (vitamin E) and /1-carotene may be potentially protective. 

GERBER M, BOUTRON-RUAULT M c and HEREBERG s et al. (2002) Food and cancer state of the art about the protective effect of fruits and vegetables , Bull Cancer, 89, 293-312. Resum.htm. 

Evidence indicates that for the effect of fruit and vegetable consumption on health, the whole may be more than the sum of the parts individual components appear to act synergistically where the influence of at least some of these is additive. 

Joshipura K, Hu F, Manson J, Stamfer M, Rimm E, Speizer F, Coltiz G, Asherio A, Rosner B, Spiegelman D and Willett W. 2001. The effect of fruit and vegetable intake on risk on coronary heart disease. Ann IntMed 134 1106-1114. 

Dragsted LO, Krath B, Ravn-Haren G, Vogel UB, Vinggaard AM, Jensen PB, Loft S, Rasmussen SE, Sandstrom B and Pedersen A. 2006. Biological effects of fruits and vegetables. Proc Nutr Soc 65 61-67. Elmadfa I and Weichselbaum E. 2005. On the nutrition and health situation in the European Union. J Publ Health 13 62-68. 

DeGraft-Johnson J, Kolodziejczyk K, Krol M, Nowak P, Krol B and Nowak D. 2007. Ferric-reducing ability power of selected plant polyphenols and their metabolites implications for clinical studies on the antioxidant effects of fruits and vegetable consumption. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 100(5) 345-352. 

Dragsted LO, Pedersen A, Hermetter A, Basu S, Hansen M, Haren GR, Kail M, Breinholt V, Castenmiller JJM, Stagsted J, Jakobsen J, Skibsted L, Rasmussen SE, Loft S and Sandstrom B. 2004. The 6-a-day study effects of fruit and vegetables on markers of oxidative stress and antioxidative defense in healthy nonsmokers. Am J Clin Nutr 79(6) 1060-1072. 

Ikken, Y., I. Cambero, M. L. Marin, A. Martinez, A. I. Haza, and P. Morales. Antimutagenic effect of fruit and vegetable aqueous extracts against N-nit-rosamines evaluated by the Ames test. J Agr Food Chem 1998 46(12) 5194-5200. 

Riboli E, Norat T. 2003. Epidemiologic evidence of the protective effect of fruit and vegetables on cancer risk. Am J Clin Nutr 78 559S-569S. 

In a cross-sectional study of children in northern and central Italy, intake of citrus or kiwi fruit, rich in vitamin C, was a highly significant protective factor for wheeze for those eating fruit 5-7 times a week compared with less than once a week [80(111)]. In a cross-sectional study in children in urban and rural Saudi Arabia low intake of vitamin E, magnesium and sodium were associated with a 2- to 3-fold risk of having symptoms of asthma [74(111)]. A further series of studies published this year in abstract form support the notion of a protective effect of fruit and vegetables [81(111), 82(111), 83(111), 84(111), 85(111), 86(111), 87(111), 88(111)]. 

Terry, P. and Yuen, O.N., Protective effect of fruits and vegetables on stomach cancer in a cohort of Swedish twins, 7ni. J. Cancer, 76, 35,1998. 

Fruits and vegetables are associated with lower incidence and lower mortahty rates of cancer in several human cohort and case-control studies for all common cancer sites. Individuals with low fruit and vegetable intake experienced about twice the risk of cancer compared with those with high intake. A statistically significant protective effect of fruit and vegetable consumption has been found in 128 of 156 dietary studies in which results were expressed in terms of relative risk. More recent studies continue to confirm these earlier findings, although there are some studies not supportive of this conclusion. 

John, J.H., Ziebland, S., Yudkin, P., Roe, L.S., and Neil, H.A.W. 2002. Effects of fruit and vegetable consumption on plasma antioxidant concentrations and blood pressure A randomised eontroUed trial. The Lancet 359, 1969-1974. 

Dragstedt, LO, Pedersen, A, Hermetter, A, Basu, S, Hansen, S, Ravn-Haren, G, Kail, M, Breinholt, V, Castenmiller, J, Stagsted, J, Jakobsen, J, Skibsted, LH, Loft, SE and the late Sandstrdm, B (2004) The 6-a-day study Effects of fruits and vegetables on markers of oxidative stress and defense in healthy non-smokers. Am J Clin Nutr, 79, 1060-1072. 

Ikken, Y., Morales, P., Martinez, A., Marin, M.L., Haza, A.I., and Cambero, M.I. 1999. Antimuta-genic Effect of Fruit and Vegetable Ethanolic Extracts against N -Nitrosamines Evaluated by the Ames Test. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 47(8), 3257-3264. 

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