Effect of alcohol

Compounds Affecting Rq>roduction Compounds that can affect reproductive function include several drugs and occupationally important chemicals such as solvents and pesticides as well as a number of environmentally relevant com-fxrunds. A group of chemical compounds that has received much attention recently is endocrine disrupters, many of which are halogenated hydrocarbons, e.g., PCBs. These are known to induce feminization in fish and other animal species.1.5/ There is intense debate about the significance of these compounds to human health. Tobacco smoke and ethyl alcohol also have major effects on human reproduction, the effects of alcohol being especially important. Table 5.17 lists compounds that may disturb the functions of female and male reproductive functions. 

The pharmacodynamic effects of ethanol are complex, and any attempt to link its actions to specific neurotransmitters or isolated brain regions is simplistic. A complicated neural network involved in the actions of ethanol accounts for its reinforcing, intoxicating, and abstinence effects. At the present time, use of medications that target neurotransmitters and neuromodulators affected by ethanol represents a reasonable strategy for the development of pharmacotherapies that reduce the reinforcing effects of alcohol and the craving and withdrawal symptoms that commonly occur in the context of alcohol dependence. 

Seppala T, Aranko K, Mattila MJ, et al Effects of alcohol on buspirone and lorazepam actions. Clin Pharmacol Ther 32 201—207, 1982... 

Wong DF, Maini A, Rousset OG, et al Positron emission tomography—a tool for identifying the effects of alcohol dependence on the brain. Alcohol Res Health 27 161-173,2003... 

The first strategy is to rmdertake a superficial scan of mainstream textbooks that everyday situations have been connected to cormnon school chemistry textbooks. For example, student-exercises may contain informatiorr, about contaminants in a river such as lead salts, about acid-base indicators in plants or about food additives for the preservation of wine. However, implicit confusion may (and frequently will) occur when the textbook and the teacher aim at reaching the right answer, for example the correct calculation of the concentration of an additive in gram per litre or parts per million (ppm). Students may still pose questions such as How many glasses of wine can I drink before 1 will get sick What is the effect of alcohol on my body Why is the addition of sulphite to wine important Is the same fact tme for red wine Or even further Shouldn t the government prohibit the addition of sulphite In this way students can become personally involved in subjects that can be related to their learning of chemical substances, and even to atoms and molecules. But, the student-activities in mainstream school chemistry textbooks often are not focused on this type of involvement they do not put emphasis in the curriculum on personal, socio-scientific and ethical questions that are relevant to students lives and society. 

Ettema JH, Zielhuis RL, Burer E, et al. 1975. Effects of alcohol, carbon monoxide and trichloroethylene on mental capacity. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 35 117-132. 

J.F. Temporal and sequential patterns of agonistic behavior. Effects of alcohol, anxiolytics and psychomotor stimulants. Psychopharmacology 97 149-151, 1989. 

Suarna, C. Southwell-Keely, P. T. Effects of alcohols on the oxidation of the vitamin E model compound 2,2,5,7 8-pentamethyl-6-chromanol. Lipids 1989, 24, 56-60. 

There are no available medications that can fully reverse the effects of alcohol intoxication. Caffeine and other stimulants can induce arousal and alertness, but they are less effective at... 

Some studies have gotten opposite or equivocal results for memory tasks. Caffeine can actually decrease immediate word list recall, at least under some circumstances.68 69 It has even been shown to amplify the detrimental effects of alcohol on memory.70 Complicating the picture further, other studies have shown that caffeine has no effect on recall.7-53-71... 

Azcona, O., Barbanoj, M. J., Torrent, J., and Jane, F., Evaluation of the effects of alcohol-caffeine interaction on the central nervous system. Journal of Psychopharmacology 6, 136, 1992. 

Stewart, S. and Pihl, R., Effects of alcohol administration on psychophysiological and subjective-emotional responses to aversive stimulation in anxiety sensitive women. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 8(1), 29-42, 1994. 

It has been reported that the sonochemical reduction of Au(III) reduction in an aqueous solution is strongly affected by the types and concentration of organic additives. Nagata et al. reported that organic additives with an appropriate hydro-phobic property enhance the rate of Au(III) reduction. For example, alcohols, ketones, surfactants and water-soluble polymers act as accelerators for the reduction of Au(III) under ultrasonic irradiation [24]. Grieser and coworkers [25] also reported the effects of alcohol additives on the reduction of Au(III). They suggested that the rate of the sonochemical reduction of Au(III) is related to the Gibbs surface excess concentration of the alcohol additives. 

Hayashi Y, Choi P-K (2006) Effects of alcohols on multi-bubble sonoluminescence spectra. Ultrasonics 44 e421-e423... 

With the aid of diagrams, describe the effects of alcohol, barbiturates and benzodiazepines on the GABAa receptor. 

Summarise the cognitive and behavioural effects of alcohol intoxication. 

Curran HV and Hildebrandt M (1999). Dissociative effects of alcohol on recollective experience. Consciousness and Cognition, 8, 497-509. 

---