Eddy reflection

For these large tr values, eddy reflection has occurred repeatedly both at the ground and at the mixing height, so that the vertical expanse of the plume has been uniformly mixed through the mixing height, i.e., 1/L. 

The crossing trajectory effect refers to the impact of the continuous change of the fluid eddy-particle interactions as the heavy particle trajectory might go through numerous eddies reflecting different flow properties. Hence it follows that the velocity history of heavy particles may differ from that of a marked fluid particle. Similar closure models for the drift velocity and the velocity co-variances have been derived from kinetic theory by Koch and co-workers [38, 39] and Reeks [62, 63]. 

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DOD (C.V.), CHENG (C.C.), SIMPSON (W.A.), DEEDA (D.A.), SMITH (J.H.), The analysis of reflection type coils for eddy current testing, DAK Ridge Normal Laboratory, US atomic energy commission. 

HOTMAC/RAPTAD requires very extensive meteorological and terrain data input. The program user s guide and diagnostics are inadequate. HOTMAC does not model multiple scale eddy turbulence and does not provide for dispersion of gases that are denser-than air. It must be tailored to reflect the climatic characteristics of specific sites. 

An attempt has been made by Tsouris and Tavlarides[5611 to improve previous models for breakup and coalescence of droplets in turbulent dispersions based on existing frameworks and recent advances. In both the breakup and coalescence models, two-step mecha-nisms were considered. A droplet breakup function was introduced as a product of droplet-eddy collision frequency and breakup efficiency that reflect the energetics of turbulent liquid-liquid dispersions. Similarly, a coalescencefunction was defined as a product of droplet-droplet collision frequency and coalescence efficiency. The existing coalescence efficiency model was modified to account for the effects of film drainage on droplets with partially mobile interfaces. A probability density function for secondary droplets was also proposed on the basis of the energy requirements for the formation of secondary droplets. These models eliminated several inconsistencies in previous studies, and are applicable to dense dispersions. 

Devices such as ultrasonic flow equipment use the Doppler frequency shift of ultrasonic signals reflected from discontinuities in the fluid stream to obtain flow measurements. These discontinuities can be suspended solids, bubbles, or interfaces generated by turbulent eddies in the flow stream. The sensor is mounted on the outside of the pipe, and an ultrasonic beam from a piezoelectric crystal is transmitted through the pipe wall into the fluid at an angle to the flow stream. Signals reflected off flow disturbances are detected by a second piezoelectric crystal located in the same sensor. Transmitted and reflected signals are compared in an electrical circuit, and the corresponding frequency shift is proportional to the flow velocity. 

The eddies were formed off the eastern coast of the Black Sea and moved westward showing a decrease in the phase velocity in the narrowest area of the sea south of the Crimea. In the model version with a flat abyssal floor at a depth of 1540 m, the wavelength comprised 250 km in the east and 190 km in the west with a period of 160 days and a phase velocity of - 2.0-2.5kmday-1. The orbital velocities in the eddies in the surface layer reached 0.45 ms 1 and deeper decreased down to 0.25 ms-1 a depth of 70m and to 0.05 - 0.10 m s 1 at a depth of 1100 m. The wave regime was more intensive in the eastern part of the Black Sea in its western part, eddies dissipated above the continental slope and partially reflected from the western coast. In the study [50], the introduction of the abyssal bottom topography increased (reduced) the sizes and intensities of cyclonic (anticyclonic) eddies by a factor of 1.5-2. The cyclonic (anticyclonic) eddies became more alike the SBCGs (NSAEs) in Fig. 1. The period of the eddies grew up to almost two years, while their phase velocity decreased down to 0.4-0.5 km day-1. 

When we say, power consumption, we usually refer to the main motor. It reflects the load on the motor because of useful work, as well as the power needed to run the motor itself (losses because of eddy currents, friction in couplings, etc.). 

The narrow zones of current shear manifested themselves on the SAR images (Figures la and 4-6) as narrow bright (light) lines. Their shape and position reflected the surface current patterns, associated with the eddy formations which perturbed the oil band. The quantitative estimates of surface currents (0.4-1.2 ms"1) and current shear (roughly (0.7-0.8)10 3 s"1)... 

The presence of wall and wake regions in the turbulent boundary layer is reflected in the distribution of the eddy viscosity. In the outer wake region, Clauser s empirical form (Eq. 6.158), has been adopted for finite-difference boundary layer computations, although Ref. 87 suggests that the constant in Eq. 6.158 be altered to 0.0168. In analyses, however, the need for defining the wake region eddy viscosity has not been critical, largely because of the nearness of the value of the turbulent Prandtl number to unity and the use of the Crocco transformation, as demonstrated in the next section. 

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