E-signature

Figure 9.1 a. The process of creating an e-signature, b. The E-Signature Applied and Witness Reviews and Signs steps expanded, c. The stored record within the e-signature repository. 

Over the last 5 or 6 years there has been a marked increase in the number of companies implementing an ELN system within drug discovery. There has also been a corresponding increase in the number of companies providing commercial applications in this market sector (see Section 9.6 for more details). Initially this adoption of ELNs was done despite the problem of e-signatures, but lately more companies are moving to a fully electronic process, with the associated benefits that this proffers. 

This regulation including its preamble and the final rule itself detailed the minimal requirements. The interpretation of the rule is stronger than the printed word. The goal of FDA was to require electronic records and e-signatures to be reliable, trustworthy, and available to the Agency for inspection. 

Use of device (location) checks to determine whether the physical source of the data or e-signature is valid. 

One thing that you will notice when you are ready to buy shares of the fund is choice. You can request a prospectus and application via U.S. mail, or you can download them in Adobe Acrobat Reader format, print them out, and mail them in with a check. Or, you can make an investment completely and seamlessly online, using their secure e-signature feature. While the... 

In service inspections of French nuclear Pressure Water Reactor (PWR) vessels are carried out automatically in complete immersion from the inside by means of ultrasonic focused probes working in the pulse echo mode. Concern has been expressed about the capabilities of performing non destructive evaluation of the Outer Surface Defects (OSD), i.e. defects located in the vicinity of the outer surface of the inspected components. OSD are insonified by both a "direct" field that passes through the inner surface (water/steel) of the component containing the defect and a "secondary" field reflected from the outer surface. Consequently, the Bscan images, containing the signatures of such defects, are complicated and their interpretation is a difficult task. 

Weber S, Ohmes E, Thurnauer M C, Norris J R and Kothe G 1995 Light-generated nuclear quantum beats a signature of photosynthesis Proc. Natl Acad. Sc/. USA 92 7789-93... 

In the microcanonical ensemble, the signature of a first-order phase transition is the appearance of a van der Waals loop m the equation of state, now written as T(E) or P( ). The P( ) curve switches over from one... 

When the signature of a machine is compared over time, it will repeat until some event changes the vibration pattern (i.e., the amplitude of each distinct vibration component will remain constant until there is a change in the operating dynamics of the machine-train). 

As shown previously, vibrations can be displayed graphically as plots which are referred to as vibration profiles or signatures. These plots are based on measurable parameters (i.e., frequency and amplitude). Note that the terms profile and signature are sometimes used interchangeably by industry. In this chapter, however, profile is used to refer either to time-domain (also may be called time trace or waveform) or frequency-domain plots. The term signature refers to a frequency-domain plot. 

With frequency-domain analysis, the average spectmm for a machine-train signature can be obtained. Recurring peaks can be normalized to present an accurate representation of the machine-train condition. Figure 43.20 illustrates a simplified relationship between the two methods (i.e., time-domain and frequency-domain). 

Constant speed frequency analysis Constant-speed machinery generates a relatively fixed set of frequency components within its signature. Therefore, specific APSs can be established to monitor using frequency analysis. Since speed is relatively constant, the location of specific frequency components (e.g., running speed) will not change greatly. Therefore, the broadband and each narrowband window can be established with a constant minimum and maximum frequency limit, which are referred to as fixed filters. 

How misalignment appears in the vibration signature depends on the type of misalignment. Figure 44.39 illustrates three types of misalignment (i.e., internal, offset, and angular). These three types excite the fundamental (lx) frequency component because they create an apparent imbalance condition in the machine. 

To determine the impact of resolution, calculate the display capabilities of your system. For example, a vibration signature with a maximum frequency (Fmax) of 1000 Hertz taken with an instrument capable of 400 lines of resolution would result in a display in which each displayed line will be equal to 2.5 Hertz or 150 rpm. Any frequencies that fall between 2.5 and 5.0, i.e. the next displayed line, would be lost. 

---