E. Merck

Fluorinated biphenyls have been incorporated into numerous Hquid crystal stmctures as attested by patents and pubHcations from the following organizations E. Merck GmbH (257,258) Sharp (258) Hoffmann-LaRoche (259) Kanto Chemical (260) U.K. Defence Secretariat (261) Dainippon (262) Chisso (263) Sanyo Chemical (264) and the University of Hull (265). Seiko Epson has also patented fluorinated terphenyls for Hquid crystal appHcations (266). 

Technical Informationsfor Crop Protection, E. Merck, Darmstadt, Germany, 1964. 

The amount of Hquid crystals produced each year for appHcations is several tens of tons, with the vast majority designed specifically for display appHcations. Several of the largest producers of commercial Hquid crystals are E. Merck, Hoffmann-LaRoche Inc., and Chisso. E. M. Chemicals (Hawthorne, New York) is the distributor for E. Merck in the United States and Chisso America Inc. has an office in New York. Hoffmann-LaRoche and Di Nippon Inc. have joined forces to form a new company, Rodic. 

Vitamin C was the first vitamin to be manufactured by chemical synthesis on an iadustrial scale. Major suppHers of vitamin C are Hoffmaim-La Roche, BASF, Takeda, E. Merck, and various companies ia China. Additional production occurs ia Eastern Europe and India. 

The biotin market is divided between agricultural and human use, with —90% of biotin used in the animal health care market and —10% for the human nutritional market. The major producers of biotin are Hoffmann-La Roche, Lon2a, E. Merck-Darmstadt, Rhc ne-Poulenc, Sumitomo Pharmaceutical, E. Sung, and Tanabe Seiyaku (100). Worldwide production of biotin in 1994 was approximately 60 metric tons. The Hst price for pure biotin in 1995 was — 7.00/g whereas, the Hst price for technical feed-grade biotin was — 5.50/g. Biotin is used in various pharmaceutical, food, and special dietary products, including multivitamin preparations in Hquid, tablet, capsule, or powder forms. One of the commercially available products of i7-biotin is Britrit-1, which is a 1% biotin trituration used in food premixes. 

Oicyclopentadiene, obtained from the Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc. (or E. Merck, Darmstadt, FRG), was cracked just prior to use according to the procedure of Fieser and Williamson, to give the monomer, bp 40-42°C. 

The catalyst, 3-benzyl-5-(2-hydroxyethyl )-4-methyl-l, 3-thiazoHum chloride, is supplied by Fluka AG, Buchs, Switzerland, and by Tridom Chemical, Inc., Hauppauge, New York. The thiazolium salt may also be prepared as described below by benzylation of 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-l,3-thiazole which is commercially available from E. Merck, Darmstadt, West Germany, and Columbia Organic Chemicals Co., Inc., Columbia, SC. The acetonitrile used by the checkers was dried over Linde 3A molecular sieves and distilled under nitrogen, bp 77-78°C. The same yield of thiazolium salt was obtained by the checkers when benzyl chloride and acetonitrile from commercial sources were used without purification. 

Scoops of solid potassium tcrt-butoxide (purchased from E. Merck, Darmstadt, and specified to be at least 95% pure) were added over 20-30 minutes by temporarily removing the drying tube. At the beginning of the reaction much heat is evolved therefore the base should be added in small portions in order to keep the temperature below 10°. During the addition of the base, a precipitate is formed. 

The submitters used tellurium tetrachloride available from E. Merck A G. The checkers purchased the reagent from Research Organic/ Inorganic Chemical Corporation. 

Alumina Number 1076, aktiv basisch, for chromatography (E. Merck, Darmstadt) was usually employed. Occasionally, when alumina Number 1077, aktiv neutral, from the same company, was used, a longer reaction time was required (compare Note 15). 

Commercial formamide (E. Merck, Darmstadt) was used. The use of a large excess of formamide with respect to the sulfinate is required in order to obtain the yield specified. ... 

Dimethoxyethane and triethylamine, both in zur Synthese quality, were purchased from E. Merck, Darmstadt. Diethyl ether was distilled from phosphorus pentoxide and stored over sodium wire. 

The progress of the reaction was monitored hy injecting after each 24-hour period an aliquot into a gas chromatograph and checking the peak corresponding to isophorone. Alternatively, thin-layer chromatography (E. Merck 0.25-mm. silica gel plates developed with ethyl acetate) can be used,... 

E. Merck, Company brochure Dyeing Reagents for Thin Layer and I per Chromatography , Darmstadt 1980. 

E. MERCK Company literature Wasse/feste, wasserbenetzbare DC-Fertigschichten Kiesel-gel 60 W , Darmstadt 1985. 

We thank the Baron, J. T. Baker, Camag, Desaga, Macherey-Nagel and E. Merck companies for their generous support of the experimental work. 

Guvacoline, CjHjjOjN. K. Hess assigned this name to an alkaloid, obtained by E. Merck from areca nut, which yields a hydrobromide, short prisms, m.p. 144-5°, that he identified with guvacine methyl ester hydrobromide see above). The base is a colourless oil, b.p. 114°/13 mm., which yields a hydrochloride, m.p. 121-2°, a platinichloride, m.p. 211°, and on methylation furnishes a mixture of arecoline methiodide and hydriodide (p. 12). 

Sabadine, CjgHgiOgN, isolated by E. Merck,i crystallises from ether in needles, m.p. 238-240° (dec.). The hydrochloride, B. HCl. 2H2O, has m.p. 282-4° (dec.), the nitrate, B. HNO3, is sparingly soluble in water, and the aurichloride, B. HAUCI4, forms golden-yellow needles. 

Sabadinine, also obtained by E. Merck, was shown by Hess and Mohr to be cevine. ... 

A precursor in the synthesis of a promising calcium sensitizing agent from E. Merck [33], a chiral thiadiazin-2-one EMD 53986, 3,6-Dihydro-5-[l,2,3,4-tetrahy-dro-6-quinolyl]-6-methyl-2H-l,3,4-thiadiazin-2-one [26]. The study was performed using Celluspher , a CSP prepared from cellulose tri(p-methylbenzoate) according to a patent from Ciba-Geigy [34]. The spherical particles had a mean particle diameter of 20 3 pm and the mobile phase was pure methanol. 

Magnesium turnings were purchased from E. Merck Company, Inc., Darmstadt, Germany or J. T. Baker Chemical Company. 

The absence of water in the lithium bromide is of great importance. Traces of wrater lower the yield of product by 10-20%. LiBr-2 H20 (purchased from E. Merck Company, Inc., Darmstadt or City Chemical Corporation) was dissolved three times in anhydrous acetonitrile-benzene (1 1), and the solvents removed each time on a rotary evaporator. The lithium bromide was dried under high vacuum at 100° for 1 hour, ground to a fine powder with a mortar and pestle while still warm, and again dried at 100°, as above, for 3 hours. 

Analytical thin-layer chromatography was performed on E. Merck silica gel 60 F254 plates (0.25 mm) and compounds were visualized by dipping the plates in a cerium sulfate-ammonium molybdate solution followed by heating. 

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