Dysplastic nodule

Y. N. Park, C. P. Yang, O. Cubukcu, S. N. Thung, and N. D. Theise, Hepatic stellate cell activation in dysplastic nodules Evidence for an alternate hypothesis concerning human hepatocarcinogenesis, Liver 17 271-274 (1997). 

Krinsky, G.A., Lee, V.S., Theise, N.D., Weinreb, J.C., Rofsky, N.M., Diflo, T., Teperman, L.W. Hepatocellular carcinoma and dysplastic nodules in patients with cirrhosis prospective diagnosis with MR imaging and explantation correlation. Radiology 2001 219 445—454... 

Libbrecht L, Severi T, Cassiman D, et al. Glypican-3 expression distinguishes small hepatocellular carcinomas from cirrhosis, dysplastic nodules, and focal nodular hyperplasia-like nodules. Am J Surg Pathol. 2006 30 1405-1411. 

Llovet JM, Chen Y, Wurmbach E, et al. A molecular signature to discriminate dysplastic nodules from early hepatocellular carcinoma in HCV cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2006 131 1758-1767. 

A recent study demonstrated that dynamic study performed with transverse 3D fat-suppressed Tl-weighted spoiled gradient-echo acquisition can be used as a stand-alone sequence for the diagnosis of HCC in patients with cirrhosis prior to liver transplantation, and that the addition of 2D T2-weighted MR imaging did not improve the accuracy or confidence in diagnosis of HCCs or dysplastic nodules (Hecht et al. 2006). 

Kojiro M (2004) Focus on dysplastic nodules and early hepatocellular carcinoma an eastern point of view. Liver Transpl 10 S3-S8... 

Fig. 13.4a-f. Low-grade dysplastic nodule, located in segment III in a cirrhotic patient, candidate for liver transplantation, a Conventional gray-scale US study shows a hypoechoic nodular lesion. b,c Contrast US study does not show a clear-cut enhancement of the lesion in the arterial phase (b), and the lesions appear isoechoic in the delayed phase (c). d,e On contrast-enhanced spiral CT, the lesion fails to enhance in the arterial phase (d) and appears hypoattenuating in the delayed phase (e). f Pathology examination of the explanted liver confirms the presence of the low-grade dysplastic nodule... 

Kim CK, Lim JH, Lee WJ (2001) Detection of hepatocellular carcinomas and dysplastic nodules in cirrhotic liver accuracy of ultrasonography in transplant patients. J Ultrasound Med 20 99-104... 

Tajima T, Honda H, Taguchi K, et al (2002) Sequential hemodynamic change in hepatocellular carcinoma and dysplastic nodules CT angiography and pathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 178 885-897... 

Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common malignant neoplasm world-wide, with an estimated incidence of more than 500,000 new cases per year (Llovet et al. 2003). Hepatocellular carcinoma usually occurs in patients with long standing cirrhosis induced by hepatitis B or C viral infections or protracted alcohol intake. In drrhotic liver, hepatocellular carcinoma is the result of the evolution of regenerative nodules into dysplastic nodules, with different degree of atypia, and finally into overt hepatocellular carcinoma (Arakawa et al. 1986). However,... 

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