Dynamic fill time

Fig. 2 B(t) = (az)(t) versus time for the asymmetric spin-boson model with (3 = 25, = 0.13 and Q = 0.4, e = 0.4. (Top) Comparison of exact quantum results (filled circles), ILDM simulations (small open circles), and QCL dynamics (filled triangles). Both ILDM and QCL simulations were carried out for an ensemble of 2 X 106 trajectories and no filters are employed. (Bottom) Convergence of TQCL dynamics with ensemble size 2 X 104 (filled squares) and 1 x 106 (filled triangles). Exact quantum results (filled circles). A filter parameter of Z = 500 is used for these calculations. ...

The dynamic response time of a TC or RTD sensor within a thermowell can vary over a wide range and is a function of the type of process fluid (i.e., gas or liquid), the fluid velocity past the thermowell, the separation between the sensor and inside wall of the thermowell, and material filling the thermowell (e.g., air or oil). Typical well-designed applications result in time constants of 6 to 20 s for measuring the temperature of most liquids. 

The dissymmetry of space-time is one of the basic features indicating the dynamic characteristics of living natural bodies. We could, for example, ask ourselves, whether the leaves of a lime-tree dried for a herbarium are living natural bodies The following could be an approximate answer although the pressed leaves manifest static space dissymmetry on the micro- and macrolevel they demonstrate no dynamic dissymmetry. Dissymmetry is a constant choice of the organism, a permanent process in the scale of the whole biosphere. The bilateral biocontrolled flow of atoms does not take place in this case because there is no dynamically filled boundary between the space-time of the pressed leaves and the space-time of the enviromnent , J)eath is the destruction of the space-time of the organism (Vernadsky, 1988, p. 285). 

This approach is referred to by several names, e.g. ion population control, automated gain control, ion control time, trap fill time etc., and can be combined with selective ejection by resonance excitation of abundant unwanted ions (see above). The quantitative ion count value thus obtained must be multiplied by the ion fill time ratio to give the true value. In this way the dynamic range can be increased upwards by several orders of magnitude, with levels of accuracy, precision and reproducibility that are adequate for many purposes but are not for the most demanding applications. Limitations at the lower end of... 

The EPI spectrum can be saturated for highly concentrated compounds. Hence, it is preferable to use the dynamic LIT fill time option, which prevents saturation of the linear ion trap. 

These studies consider the dynamics of a single bubble that grows in infinity space, which is filled by superheated liquid. Under these conditions the bubble expansion depends on inertia forces or on intensity of heat transfer. In the case when inertia forces are dominant the bubble radius grows linearly in time (Carey 1992) ... 

The dump temperature of the compound was varied by changing the mixer s rotor speed and fill factor while keeping the other mixing conditions and the mixing time constant. Under the assumption that the final dump temperature is the main parameter influencing the degree of the sUanization reaction, the effect of the presence of ZnO on the dynamic and mechanical properties of the compound was investigated. ZnO was either added on the two-roll mill or in the mixer. 

Monte Carlo simulation shows [8] that at a given instance the interface is rough on a molecular scale (see Fig. 2) this agrees well with results from molecular-dynamics studies performed with more realistic models [2,3]. When the particle densities are averaged parallel to the interface, i.e., over n and m, and over time, one obtains one-dimensional particle profiles/](/) and/2(l) = 1 — /](/) for the two solvents Si and S2, which are conveniently normalized to unity for a lattice that is completely filled with one species. Figure 3 shows two examples for such profiles. Note that the two solvents are to some extent soluble in each other, so that there is always a finite concentration of solvent 1 in the phase... 

Transient cavitation is generally due to gaseous or vapor filled cavities, which are believed to be produced at ultrasonic intensity greater than 10 W/cm2. Transient cavitation involves larger variation in the bubble sizes (maximum size reached by the cavity is few hundred times the initial size) over a time scale of few acoustic cycles. The life time of transient bubble is too small for any mass to flow by diffusion of the gas into or out of the bubble however evaporation and condensation of liquid within the cavity can take place freely. Hence, as there is no gas to act as cushion, the collapse is violent. Bubble dynamics analysis can be easily used to understand whether transient cavitation can occur for a particular set of operating conditions. A typical bubble dynamics profile for the case of transient cavitation has been given in Fig. 2.2. By assuming adiabatic collapse of bubble, the maximum temperature and pressure reached after the collapse can be estimated as follows [2]. 

Fig. 4.20 Temperature dependence of the average relaxation times of PIB results from rheological measurements [34] dashed-dotted line), the structural relaxation as measured by NSE at Qmax (empty circle [125] and empty square), the collective time at 0.4 A empty triangle), the time corresponding to the self-motion at Q ax empty diamond),NMR dotted line [136]), and the application of the Allegra and Ganazzoli model to the single chain dynamic structure factor in the bulk (filled triangle) and in solution (filled diamond) [186]. Solid lines show Arrhenius fitting curves. Dashed line is the extrapolation of the Arrhenius-like dependence of the -relaxation as observed by dielectric spectroscopy [125]. (Reprinted with permission from [187]. Copyright 2003 Elsevier)...

Fig. 5.16 Q-dependence of the characteristic times of the KWW functions describing the PIB dynamic structure factor at 335 K filled circle), 365 K empty square) and 390 K filled triangle), a Shows the values obtained for each temperature. Taking 365 K as reference temperature, the application of the rheological shift factor to the times gives b and a shift factor corresponding to an activation energy of 0.43 eV delivers c. The arrows in a show the interpolated mechanical susceptibility relaxation times at the temperatures indicated. (Reprinted with permission from [147]. Copyright 2002 The American Physical Society)...

Fig. 5.23 Time evolution of the three functions investigated for PIB at 390 K and Q=0.3 A"h pair correlation function (empty circle) single chain dynamic structure factor (empty diamond) and self-motion of the protons (filled triangle). Solid lines show KWW fitting curves. (Reprinted with permission from [187]. Copyright 2003 Elsevier)...

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