Dynamic concentration limit

DVM (digital voltmeter). 30,31 Dye lasers, 168,173 Dynamic concentration limit, 19 Dynodes, 194,195,284,285... 

Table 4 illustrates the use of the CAR technique to develop CL kinetic-based determinations for various analytes in different fields. As can be seen, the dynamic range, limit of detection, precision, and throughput (—80-100 samples/ h) are all quite good. All determinations are based on the use of the TCPO/ hydrogen peroxide system by exception, that for p-carboline alkaloids uses TCPO and DNPO. A comparison of the analytical figures of merit for these alkaloids reveals that DNPO results in better sensitivity and lower detection limits. However, it also leads to poorer precision as a result of its extremely fast reactions with the analytes. Finally, psychotropic indole derivatives with a chemical structure derived from tryptamines have also been determined, at very low concentrations, by CAR-CLS albeit following derivatization with dansyl chloride. 

NECEEM-based determination of and kos is fast and accurate, and it has a wide and adjustable dynamic range. The upper limit of values depends on the highest concentration of T available and can be as high as millimolar. This allows for the measurement of values for very low-bulk affinities of naive combinatorial libraries. The lower limit of A d depends on the concentration limit... 

The main dynamic phenomena limiting the use of membrane technology in the oil industry, as well as other applications in food, are represented by the polarization of concentration, formation of gel layer, and fouling. 

Upper limit of quantification (ULOQ) is the highest concentration limit of the assay that can be reported with acceptable accuracy and precision. ULOQ is established after >3 assay runs using results from the standard curve. Generally, an ULOQ that demonstrates a %CV 20% and %recovery of 80-120% is considered acceptable. Samples with concentrations that fall at or above the ULOQ require sufficient dilution to bring concentrations into the report-able or dynamic range of the assay. Table 41.2 shows an example of an assessment of the precision and accuracy of a standard curve including the selection of LLOQ and ULOQ limits. 

When multiple scattering is discarded from the measured signal, DLS can be used to study the dynamics of concentrated suspensions, in which the Brownian motion of individual particles (self-diffusion) differs from the diffusive mass transport (gradient or collective diffusion), which causes local density fluctuations, and where the diffusion on very short time-scales (r < c lD) deviates from those on large time scales (r c D lones and Pusey 1991 Banchio et al. 2000). These different diffusion coefficients depend on the microstructure of the suspension, i.e. on the particle concentration and on the interparticle forces. For an unknown suspension it is not possible to state a priori which of them is probed by a DLS experiment. For this reason, a further concentration limit must be obeyed when DLS is used for basic characterisation tasks such as particle sizing. As a rule of thumb, such concentration effects vanish below concentrations of 0.01-0.1 vol%, but certainty can only be gained by experiment. 

Total-reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (TXRF) is a powerful multi-element method, with detection limits in the pg/mL range, a dynamic concentration range of about 4-5 orders of magnitude and an easy quantification by means of internal standardization. The basic difference between classical X-ray fluorescence and TXRF is the improved beam... 

The concentration dependence of q of hard-sphere suspensions is the same as the concentration dependence of q found in many polymer solutions, namely t](c) is a stretched exponential in c at smaller c and a power law in c for larger c. The frequency dependences of G (a>) and G"(co) for a colloid suspension and for a polymer solution are also very nearly the same, namely a stretched exponential in (o at smaller a>, a power law in co at large a> and various high-frequency small additive components. At the extreme large-concentration limit, the dynamic moduli of a soft-sphere melt composed of polystyrene microgel particles have very nearly... 

Dynamic surface tension measurements by Hirt et al. [316], based on the maximum-bubble-pressure method, revealed large differences between equilibrium and dynamic surface tension values of fluorinated surfactants (see Section 4.4). The surface tension transition from equilibrium values to dynamic diffusion-limited values depended on the surfactant type, concentration, and bubble generation rate. 

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