Dyes, production and sales

The data in Table 1, as reported by the U.S. International Trade Commission (39), show the extent of acid dye production and sales in the United States in 1988. In addition, the Trade Commission Import (40) data shows that 2753 t of acid dyes valued at 24.9 million was imported in 1983. Table 2 shows the important acid dyes for which production and sales data are revealed by the manufacturers. 

DIRECT DYES The extent of direct dye production and sales in the United States can be judged by the following data suppHed by the USlTC (39) for domestic usage in 1988 ... 

U.S. International Trade Commission, Synthetic Organic Chemicals, Dyes Production and Sales (Sect. 4), Government Printing Press, Washiagton D.C., 1980-1988. 

Cyclic Hydrocarbons. The cyclic hydrocarbon intermediates are derived principally from petroleum and natural gas, though small amounts are derived from coal. Most cycHc intermediates are used in the manufacture of more advanced synthetic organic chemicals and finished products such as dyes, medicinal chemicals, elastomers, pesticides, and plastics and resins. Table 6 details the production and sales of cycHc intermediates in 1991. Benzene (qv) is the largest volume aromatic compound used in the chemical industry. It is extracted from catalytic reformates in refineries, and is produced by the dealkylation of toluene (qv) (see also BTX Processing). 

Dyes based on the pyrazolone nucleus were discovered in 1884 and are still in use in the 1990s. The majority of these dyes have an azo linkage attached at C, eg, (87) and (88). Table 4 summarizes the production and sales figures for four important dyes. 

Table 2. Commercial Acid Dyes, U.S. Production and Sales., 1988 ...

Tariff Commission, Synthetic Organic Chemicals—U. S. Production and Sales, annual, 1917 to date (except 1931-1932). Production, sales, and unit values of dyes, lakes, and toners, medicinal chemicals, flavor and perfume chemicals, plastics and resins, elastomers, rubber-processing chemicals, plasticizers, surface active agents, pesticides, and many individual organic chemicals. Lists producers of all commercially important organic chemicals. Formerly Dyes and Other Synthetic Organic Chemicals (1917-1937). 

Table 23.4 gives the production and sales data for synthetic dyes in the United States for the year 1988, the last year such data are available. These figures are taken from a report of the United States Tariff Commission. ... 

TABLE 23.4 1988 U.S. Production and Sales of Dyes by Application Class... 

An alternative way of classifying dyestuffs is by their application areas, but as there is large overlap between product structural classes and their uses, it is less satisfactory. However, from a commercial standpoint it is the application method that determines the potential of a dyestuff and the reason for its industrial manufacture and sales. In this section the different application methods will be described mainly in relation to the end use, e.g. the dyeing or printing of cotton and other fibres, the coloration of paper or leather, the use in food and cosmetics etc. 

Since 1973, the U.S. International Trade Commission has reported the manufacture and sales of dyes by application class only. In 1972, the last year for which statistics are available by chemical class, 3900 metric tons of triarylmethane dyes were manufactured, which represents approximately 4% of total dyestuff production in the United States. At that time, there were 185 triarylmethane dyes Us ted in the Colour Index. From the latter half of the 1970s through the 1980s, annual dye production in the United States, including triarylmethane dyes, changed very litde. In 1981, methyl violet, with an annual production of 725 t, was the only triarylmethane dye for which production statistics were available. Some triarylmethane dyes were imported, eg, malachite green (163 t in 1981), methyl violet (40 t), new fuchsine (30 t), and other dyes totalling less than 15 t. 

The output from the industry covers the very large pharmaceutical, petrochemical and agrochemical businesses, as well as many others that provide speciality chemicals and consumer products such as paints, dyes, plastics and textiles. The industry is a large employer with an estimated 1.7 million people and many more that are reliant on its services. In Europe, sales in the year 2000 exceeded 480 billion euros in an industry that contributed almost one-third of the world s output. 

---