Dye ligand

Ceitain acid dyes can have thek fastness piopeities impioved by combining the dye with a metal atom (chelation). The most common metal is chromium, although cobalt is sometimes used, and this can be introduced in a number of ways. The basic mechanism is donation of electron pans by groups in the dye (ligands) to a metal ion. For example, has a coordination number of 6, and therefore will accept six lone pans of electrons. Typical ligand groups... 

Kakiuehi et al. [84] studied the adsorption properties of two types of nonionic surfactants, sorbitan fatty acid esters and sucrose alkanoate, at the water-nitrobenzene interface. These surfactants lower the interfacial capacity in the range of the applied potential with no sign of desorption. On the other hand, the remarkable adsorption-desorption capacity peak analogous to the adsorption peak seen for organic molecules at the mercury-electrolyte interface can be observed in the presence of ionic surfactants, such as triazine dye ligands for proteins [85]. 

Lahrou NE, Clonis YD. Biomimetic dye-ligand for oxalate requiring enzymes Studies with oxalate oxidase and oxalate decarboxylase. J Biochem 1995 40 59. 

Cibacron Blue 3GA, for dye-ligand affinity chromatography, 6 402 Cibacron C dyes, 9 475 Ciba Specialty Chemicals, 19 448 Cichlids, world aquaculture production in 1996, 3 186t... 

Dyeing applications, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol in, 12 279 Dyeing theory, 26 394-395 Dyeing transition temperature, 9 159 Dye intermediates, 9 265-298 chemistry, 9 266-291 classification, 9 265-266 economic aspects, 9 293-295 equipment and manufacture, 9 291-293 health and safety factors, 9 295-298 obtained by nitration, 9 2 7 It obtained by sulfonation, 23 525 unit processes, 9 269-283 Dye lasers, 74 702-705 23 144 output characteristics of, 74 705 Dye-ligand affinity chromatography, 6 402 Dye liquor, 9 163 Dye manufacturing... 

The replacement reactions may be represented generally by a two-stage process. Introduction of the first tridentate monoazo dye ligand D2 is the rate-determining step (Scheme 5.7). Where a typical o,o -dihydroxyazo dye ligand is used in excess with a hydrated chromium (III) salt under alkaline conditions (pH >9) favouring 1 2 metal-dye complex formation, none of the 1 1 complex remains. This indicates that the presence of one... 

Various chromium-complex dyes were prepared recently by reacting ammonium chromium sulphate with a series of chelatable o,o -dihydroxyazopyridone structures (Scheme 5.9). Elemental analyses corresponded to a 1 2 metal-dye ligand ratio (5.35). The... 

Formation of a 1 1 dye-ligand complex, as in Scheme 5.15, is the simplest case. Further reaction to give a 1 2 complex F-M-F (Scheme 5.16) involves a second equilibrium constant K2 related to the concentrations of the 1 1 and 1 2 complexes present at equilibrium (Equation 5.2). If the two ligands are different, the stability constant of the 1 2 complex (K1 2) is the product of Kj and K2 (Equation 5.3). In the special but widely... 

Dichromate anions are readily absorbed under acidic conditions by wool that has been dyed with chrome dyes. The chromium(VI) on the fibre is then gradually reduced by the cystine residues in wool keratin to chromium(III) cations, which react with the dye ligands to form a stable complex. In this way the cystine disulphide bonds are destroyed, resulting in oxidative degradation of the wool fibres [71]. 

The dye ligand interacts with free or complexed chromium(III) to form 1 1 and 1 2 chromium-dye complexes (Scheme 5.21), mainly the more stable 1 2 complex. These coloured complexes are bound to the wool primarily through van der Waals and electrostatic forces. Any excess chromium (III) will remain linked to carboxylate sites in the wool. 

M.Y. Arica, M. Yilmaz, E. Yalcin and G. Bayramoglu, Affinity membrane chromatography relationship of dye-ligand type to surface polarity and their effect on lysozyme separation and purification. J. Chromatogr.B, 805 (2004) 315-323. 

Y. Shibusawa, T. Fujiwara, H. Shindo and Y. Ito, Purification of alcohol dehydrogenase from bovine liver crude extract by dye-ligand affinity counter current chromatography. J. Chromatogr.B, 799 (2004) 239-244. 

Figure. 5.10 Dynamic assembly of metal and dye (ligands) capable of diztin-gnishing, peptides via UV-Vis response.

Procion Rubine MX-B, Procion Yellow H-A, and Turquoise MX-G. These dyes have found use over the last few decades in the purification of a broad range of proteins and enzymes, including albumin, decarboxylases, glycolytic enzymes, hydrolases, lyases, nucleases, oxidoreductases, synthetases, and transferases [77,78], The first use of dye-ligand affinity chromatography was described by Staal et al. in 1971 [79], Since that time, it has become an extremely popular tool for enzyme and protein purification, with hundreds of such compounds having been isolated by this technique [3-6,76-79],... 

Coupling of Reactive Dyes to Polysaccharides (Dye-Ligand Chromatography)... 

The type of ligand can be used to divide affinity techniques into various subcategories such as lectin, immunoaffinity, dye ligand etc. These techniques are placed as below [1]. 

---