Drying stage

Before ions actually pass into the spectrometer analyzer, there is usually a second drying stage to remove any final solvent. 

Several other kinds of conches also are used today. The popular rotary conche can handle chocolate paste in a dry stage direct from the refiners (23). The recently developed continuous conche actually Hquifies and conches in several stages and can produce up to 3600 kg of chocolate per hour in a floor area of only 34 m. ... 

The rate at which each fan circulates air can be varied by changing the pitch of the fan blades. In final drying stages, in which diffusion controls or the product is light and powdery, the circulation rate is considerably lower than in the initial stage, in which high evaporation rates prevail. In the majority of applications, air flows through the... 

The disadvantages of the suspension process are that about 70% of the volume of the kettle is taken up by water, the need for a drying stage which could cause discolouration by degradation and the need to convert the small spheres formed into a larger shape suitable for handling. Furthermore, the suspension method cannot easily be converted into a continuous process. 

The development of these biofilms within the system and on the wire can lead to major production problems due to these being transferred onto the paper sheets. Once these are an integral part of the sheet, the drying stage causes shrinkage and holes or tears can occur. This causes considerable down time and loss of income. 

Drying is the removal of water, or other volatile liquids, by evaporation. Most solid materials require drying at some stage in their production. The choice of suitable drying equipment cannot be separated from the selection of the upstream equipment feeding the drying stage. 

M. J. Pikal, S. Shah, M. L. Roy, and R. Putman, The secondary drying stage of freeze drying drying kinetics as a function of shelf temperature and chamber pressure, Int. J. Pharm., 60, 203-217 (1990). 

The objective of the primary drying stage of the freeze-drying process is to remove the ice as quickly as possible without undue risk of product loss... 

In this paper we describe methods in which polystyrene (PS) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) have been successfully grafted to silica particles, avoiding the dry stage. 

The baked pretzels are then fed through a drying stage at 120°C for 0.5 1.5 hours, depending on the size of the piece. The reason for the length of the drying step is that the rate of drying is controlled by the rate of diffusion of water in the product. The finished product is then wrapped to keep the moisture level below 3.5% (which is the point when the product become unacceptable). 

Townsend and De Luca have studied the influence of lyoprotectans (LP) on ribonu-clease (Ri) [3.14-3.17] as a protein model. Lyoprotection is defined as stabilization and prevention of degeneration of macromolecules during freeze drying as well as during storage. With phosphate buffer at pH 3 to pH 10, Ri in the dry stage loses its activity at 45 °C... 

Small pore silica gel surface, drying stages of, 23 69-71... 

Inclusion of a cryoprotectant in the formulation can stabilize the protein during the freezing and drying stages of lyophilization.17 Excipients frequently... 

For work where it is critical to examine the properties of the chemically modified wood with the certainty that there are no by-products or solvents present, it is advisable not to rely solely on an oven-drying stage, or on vacuum-heating. More effective extraction can be achieved with the use of Soxhlet apparatus followed by oven-drying. However, the efficiency of this process is very dependent upon sample size and the scale at which the work is being performed. To ensure total removal of residual chemicals, it is usually a good idea... 

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